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[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref>  It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles.  Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins  are components of the cytoskeleton.  F-actin is Aa bound to ATP.  For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).  Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis.  Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements.
[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref>  It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles.  Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins  are components of the cytoskeleton.  F-actin is Aa bound to ATP.  For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).  Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis.  Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements.
*'''α actin''' is found exclusively in muscle fibres.<br />
*'''β actin''' is required for early embryonic development<ref>PMID:21900491</ref>.<br />
*'''γ actin''' is required for cytoskeletal maintenance<ref>PMID:19497859</ref>.
See also [[Actin Protein (Hebrew)]]


== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==


<scene name='43/430015/Cv/8'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/9'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP.  Actin filaments are polar.  They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction.
<scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/13'>ATP and Ca2+ ion are located in cleft</scene>.  <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP.  Actin filaments are polar.  They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction.
</StructureSection>
 
== 3D Structures of Actin ==
== 3D Structures of Actin ==
[[Actin 3D structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
* α actin 1 (Aa)
 
**[[3hbt]], [[2zwh]], [[1nwk]], [[1j6z]], [[3g37]], [[2y83]] – rAa – rabbit<br />
**[[2q1n]], [[2q31]], [[2a5x]], [[1rdw]], [[1rfq]], [[1lcu]] – rAa – dimer<br />
**[[3mfp]], [[4a7n]], [[3jbj]], [[6bnu]] – rAa + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[2hmp]] – rAa – protease cleaved<br />
**[[2zwh]], [[2gwj]], [[2gwk]] – rAa-ATP<br />
**[[3j8i]], [[3j8j]], [[3j8k]], [[6bno]], [[6avb]], [[6av9]], [[5mvy]], [[5mva]] – rAa + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[3b5u]] – rAa filament – fiber diffraction<br />
 
* α actin 1 complex with gelsolin
 
**[[1mdu]] – cAa+hGelsolin - chicken<br />
**[[2ff3]] - rAa+ hGelsolin +domains of hWASP <br />
**[[1eqy]], [[3cjb]], [[1p8z]], [[3ffk]], [[3tu5]], [[4pkg]], [[4pkh]], [[4pki]] – rAa+hGelsolin<br />
**[[1rgi]] - rAa+hoGelsolin – horse (ho)<br />
**[[1t44]] - rAa+hGelsolin/mThymosin β-4 <br />
**[[4z94]] - rAa+hGelsolin/tropomodulin/leiomodin<br />
**[[2ff6]] - rAa+DmCiboulot+hGelsolin <br />
**[[4cbu]], [[5mvv]] – PfAa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
**[[4cbw]] – PbAa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium berghei''<br />
 
* α actin 1 complex with small molecule
 
**[[2q36]], [[1qz5]] – rAa+kabiramide C + ATP – dimer<br />
**[[2vyp]] – rAa+myxobacterial rhizopodin + ATP<br />
**[[1ijj]] - rAa+latrunculin A<br />
**[[2fxu]] – rAa+bistramide A<br />
**[[1wua]] – rAa+alpyronine A<br />
**[[2asm]], [[2asp]] – rAa+reidispongiolide<br />
**[[2aso]] – rAa+sphinxolide B<br />
**[[1yxq]] – rAa+swinholide A<br />
**[[4k41]], [[1qz6]], [[1s22]], [[4k42]], [[4k43]] - rAa+ macrolide<br />
**[[1s22]] – rAa+ulapualide A<br />
**[[1qz6]] – rAa+jaspisamide A<br />
**[[3m6g]] – rAa+lobophorolide<br />
**[[5ogw]] – PfAa + jasplakinolide + ADP – Cryo EM <br />
 
* α actin 1 complex with protein
 
**[[2w49]] – cAa +troponin C+ troponin T+ troponin I+ tropomyosin α-1 <br />
**[[3j4k]] - cAa + tropomyosin<br />
**[[3j8a]] - mAa + tropomyosin - mouse<br />
**[[4a7f]], [[4a7h]], [[4a7l]], [[5h53]], [[5kg8]] – rAa + tropomyosin α-1 + myosin heavy chain (mutant) – Cryo EM<br />
**[[5nol]], [[5noj]], [[5nog]] – Aa + tropomyosin alpha-1 + ADP – pig - Cryo EM<br />
**[[5jlf]], [[3j8a]] – rAa + tropomyosin alpha-1 + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6c1h]], [[6c1g]], [[6c1d]] - rAa + myosin + calmodulin<br />
**[[6bnv]] - rAa + myosin + calmodulin – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6bnw]], [[6bnp]] - rAa + myosin – Cryo EM<br />
**[[6bnq]] - rAa + myosin + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
**[[2v51]], [[2v52]], [[2yje]], [[2yjf]] – rAa+mMKL/Myocardin-like protein <br />
**[[2vcp]] – rAa+ neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (hWASP) – human (h)<br />
**[[2a3z]], [[2a40]], [[2a41]] – rAa+cDNase I+domains of hWASP – cow (c)<br />
**[[2a42]] – rAa+cDNase I<br />
**[[4eah]] – rAa + formin-like protein 3 FH2 domain<br />
**[[3daw]] – rAa+mTwinfilin-1<br />
**[[3buz]] – rAa+Iota toxin component IA<br />
**[[4b1u]], [[4b1v]], [[4b1w]], [[4b1x]], [[4b1y]], [[4b1z]] – rAa + phosphatase and actin regulator<br />
**[[4pl8]] - rAa+ Thymosin β-4<br />
**[[3u8x]] - rAa+DmThymosin β-4 - ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
**[[1esv]] - rAa+hGelsolin+ latrunculin A<br />
**[[3cjc]] - rAa+hGelsolin+cDNase I<br />
**[[2d1k]] - rAa+hWH2 domain of MIN+cDNase I<br />
**[[2pbd]] – rAa+hProfilin-1<br />
**[[2pav]] - rAa+hProfilin-1+hVASP<br />
**[[2q97]] – rAa+toxofilin – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
**[[2q0r]] – rAa+pectenotoxin-2<br />
**[[2q0u]] - rAa+pectenotoxin-2+latrunculin B<br />
**[[1y64]] – rAa+yBNI1 domain FH2 - yeast<br />
**[[1sqk]] – rAa+DmCiboulot <br />
**[[3sjh]], [[3u9d]], [[3u9z]] - rAa+DmCiboulot thymosin β-4 domain<br />
**[[3mn5]] – rAa+ DmSpire WH2 domain<br />
**[[1lot]], [[1kxp]], [[1ma9]] – rAa+hVitamin D binding protein<br />
**[[3m1f]] – rAa+VOPL WH2 domain<br />
**[[3m3n]] – rAa+mN-WASP<br />
**[[3tpq]] – rAa + MAL RPEL domain<br />
**[[3ue5]] – rAa + spire domain D<br />
**[[4gy2]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA <br />
**[[3jbi]] – rAa + vinculin - CryoEM <br />
**[[3jbk]] – rAa + metavinculin + ADP - CryoEM <br />
**[[4wyb]] – rAa + BUD6 <br />
**[[4v0u]] – rAa + protein phosphatase 1 +serine/threonine protein phosphatase <br />
**[[4h0t]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + ADPR<br />
**[[4h03]], [[4h0v]], [[4h0x]], [[4h0y]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + NAD<br />
**[[4jhd]] – DmAa + protein cordon-bleu WH2 domain<br />
**[[5i9e]] – yAa + actin-related protein 4 + helicase <br />
**[[5ce3]], [[4ci6]] – Aa + protein kinase YopO – fall armyworm <br />
 
* β actin (Ab)
 
**[[3lue]] – hAb+hAlpha-actinin <br />
**[[3byh]] – hAb+hFimbrin ABD2 – Cryo EM<br />
**[[3j82]] – hAb + DNGR-1 - CryoEM <br />
**[[6anu]] – hAb + spectrin – Cryo EM <br />
**[[2oan]] – cAb<br />
**[[3j0s]] – cAb + cofilin 2<br />
**[[3u4l]], [[3ub5]] – Ab + profilin-1 - bovine<br />
**[[4cbx]] – PbAb + gelsolin <br />
 
* γ 1 actin (Ag)
 
**[[1atn]] – rAg+cDNase I<br />
**[[3chw]] – Major DdAg+hProfilin+poly-Pro repeat – ''Dictyostelium discoideum''<br />
**[[3ci5]], [[3cip]], [[1nmd]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
**[[3a5l]], [[3a5m]], [[3a5n]], [[3a5o]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin (mutant)<br />
**[[1c0g]], [[1dej]] – DdAg:tetrahymenatA+hGelsolin<br />
**[[1nm1]] - DdAg+hGelsolin+Mg-ATP<br />
**[[1nlv]], [[1c0f]] – DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
**[[1d4x]] – Ag 1/3+hGelsolin – ''C. elegans''<br />
**[[1h1v]] – hAg+rGelsolin<br />
**[[5jlh]] – hAg + myosin-14 + tropomyosin alpha-3 – Cryo-EM <br />
**[[1hlu]], [[2btf]] – cAg+cProfilin<br />
**[[1o1g]], [[1o1a]], [[1o1b]], [[1o1c]], [[1o1d]], [[1o1e]], [[1o1f]], [[1o18]], [[1o19]], [[1mvw]], [[1m8q]] –cAg+cMyosin II - tomography<br />
**[[3eks]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)<br />
**[[3eku]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)+cytochalasin D<br />
**[[3el2]], [[2hf4]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ATP<br />
**[[2hf3]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ADP<br />
**[[3w3d]] – cAg + DNase I<br />
**[[3b63]] – actin filament – ''Limulus polyphemus''<br />
**[[1yvn]] – yA (mutant)+hGelsolin <br />
**[[1yag]] - yA+hGelsolin<br />
**[[3mmv]] – DmA-5C+spire WH2 domain<br />
**[[3mn6]], [[3mn7]], [[3mn9]] - DmA-5C (mutant)+spire<br />
 
* Actin 5C (A5C)
 
**[[4rwt]], [[5wfn]] – DmA5C + leiomodin<br />


**[[4efh]] – A + spire domains C,D – ''Acanthamoeba castellanii''
}}


== Reference ==
== Reference ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alexander Berchansky, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman
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