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| {{STRUCTURE_3hbt| PDB=3hbt | SIZE=400| SCENE=Actin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) [[3hbt]] }}
| | <StructureSection load='3hbt' size='450' side='right' scene='43/430015/Cv/3' caption='Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) [[3hbt]]'> |
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| [[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Actin, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of rabbit Native G-actin ([[3hbt]]). For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).
| | == Function == |
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| <br /> | | [[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref> It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]). Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis. Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements. |
| <br /> | | *'''α actin''' is found exclusively in muscle fibres.<br /> |
| <br /> | | *'''β actin''' is required for early embryonic development<ref>PMID:21900491</ref>.<br /> |
| <br /> | | *'''γ actin''' is required for cytoskeletal maintenance<ref>PMID:19497859</ref>. |
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| == 3D Structures of Actin == | | See also [[Actin Protein (Hebrew)]] |
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| | == Disease == |
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| Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
| | Mutations in α-actin found in skeletal striated muscles can cause myopathy. Mutations in α-actin found in smooth muscles can cause thoracic aortic aneurism. Mutations in α-actin found in heart muscles can cause heart malfunctioning. |
| {{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
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| * α actin 1 (Aa)
| | == Structural highlights == |
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| **[[2w49]] – cAa +troponin C+ troponin T+ troponin I+ tropomyosin α-1 – chicken<br />
| | <scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/13'>ATP and Ca2+ ion are located in cleft</scene>. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP. Actin filaments are polar. They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction. |
| **[[3j4k]] - cAa + tropomyosin<br />
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| **[[1mdu]] – cAa+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[3j8a]] - mAa + tropomyosin - mouse<br />
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| **[[3hbt]], [[2zwh]], [[1nwk]], [[1j6z]], [[3g37]], [[2y83]] – rAa – rabbit<br />
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| **[[4a7f]], [[4a7h]], [[4a7l]] – rAa + tropomyosin α-1 + myosin heavy chain (mutant) – Cryo EM<br />
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| **[[2q1n]], [[2q31]], [[2a5x]], [[1rdw]], [[1rfq]], [[1lcu]] – rAa – dimer<br />
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| **[[3mfp]], [[4a7n]], [[3j8i]], [[3j8j]], [[3j8k]] – rAa – Cryo EM<br />
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| **[[2q36]], [[1qz5]] – rAa+kabiramide C – dimer<br />
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| **[[2hmp]] – rAa – protease cleaved<br />
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| **[[2zwh]], [[2gwj]], [[2gwk]] – rAa-ATP<br />
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| **[[2vyp]] – rAa+myxobacterial rhizopodin<br />
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| **[[2v51]], [[2v52]], [[2yje]], [[2yjf]] – rAa+mMKL/Myocardin-like protein – mouse (m)<br />
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| **[[2vcp]] – rAa+ neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (hWASP) – human (h)<br />
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| **[[2a3z]], [[2a40]], [[2a41]] – rAa+cDNase I+domains of hWASP – cow (c)<br />
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| **[[2ff3]] - rAa+ hGelsolin +domains of hWASP <br />
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| **[[2a42]] – rAa+cDNase I<br />
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| **[[4eah]] – rAa + formin-like protein 3 FH2 domain<br />
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| **[[3daw]] – rAa+mTwinfilin-1<br />
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| **[[3buz]] – rAa+Iota toxin component IA<br />
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| **[[3b5u]] – rAa filament – fiber diffraction<br />
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| **[[1eqy]], [[3cjb]], [[1p8z]], [[3ffk]], [[3tu5]], [[4pkg]], [[4pkh]], [[4pki]] – rAa+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[4b1u]], [[4b1v]], [[4b1w]], [[4b1x]], [[4b1y]], [[4b1z]] – rAa + phosphatase and actin regulator<br />
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| **[[1rgi]] - rAa+hoGelsolin – horse (ho)<br />
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| **[[1t44]] - rAa+hGelsolin:mThymosin β-4 <br />
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| **[[4pl8]] - rAa+ Thymosin β-4<br />
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| **[[3u8x]] - rAa+DmThymosin β-4 - ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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| **[[1esv]] - rAa+hGelsolin+ latrunculin A<br />
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| **[[3cjc]] - rAa+hGelsolin+cDNase I<br />
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| **[[2d1k]] - rAa+hWH2 domain of MIN+cDNase I<br />
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| **[[2pbd]] – rAa+hProfilin-1<br />
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| **[[2pav]] - rAa+hProfilin-1+hVASP<br />
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| **[[2q97]] – rAa+toxofilin – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
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| **[[2q0r]] – rAa+pectenotoxin-2<br />
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| **[[2q0u]] - rAa+pectenotoxin-2+latrunculin B<br />
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| **[[1ijj]] - rAa+latrunculin A<br />
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| **[[2fxu]] – rAa+bistramide A<br />
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| **[[1wua]] – rAa+alpyronine A<br />
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| **[[2asm]], [[2asp]] – rAa+reidispongiolide<br />
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| **[[2aso]] – rAa+sphinxolide B<br />
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| **[[1yxq]] – rAa+swinholide A<br />
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| **[[1y64]] – rAa+yBNI1 domain FH2 - yeast<br />
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| **[[1sqk]] – rAa+DmCiboulot <br />
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| **[[3sjh]], [[3u9d]], [[3u9z]] - rAa+DmCiboulot thymosin β-4 domain<br />
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| **[[4k41]], [[1qz6]], [[1s22]], [[4k42]], [[4k43]] - rAa+ macrolide<br />
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| **[[3mn5]] – rAa+ DmSpire WH2 domain<br />
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| **[[2ff6]] - rAa+DmCiboulot+hGelsolin <br />
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| **[[1s22]] – rAa+ulapualide A<br />
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| **[[1qz6]] – rAa+jaspisamide A<br />
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| **[[1lot]], [[1kxp]], [[1ma9]] – rAa+hVitamin D binding protein<br />
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| **[[3m1f]] – rAa+VOPL WH2 domain<br />
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| **[[3m3n]] – rAa+mN-WASP<br />
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| **[[3m6g]] – rAa+lobophorolide<br />
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| **[[3tpq]] – rAa + MAL RPEL domain<br />
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| **[[3ue5]] – rAa + spire domain D<br />
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| **[[4gy2]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA <br />
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| **[[4h0t]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + ADPR<br />
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| **[[4h03]], [[4h0v]], [[4h0x]], [[4h0y]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + NAD<br />
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| **[[4jhd]] – DmAa + protein cordon-bleu WH2 domain<br />
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| **[[4cbu]] – Aa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
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| **[[4cbw]] – PbAa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium berghei''<br />
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| * β actin (Ab)
| | == 3D Structures of Actin == |
| | [[Actin 3D structures]] |
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| **[[3lue]] – hAb+hAlpha-actinin <br />
| | </StructureSection> |
| **[[3byh]] – hAb+hFimbrin ABD2 – Cryo EM<br />
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| **[[2oan]] – cAb<br />
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| **[[3j0s]] – cAb + cofilin 2<br />
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| **[[3u4l]], [[3ub5]] – Ab + profilin-1 - bovine<br />
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| **[[4cbx]] – PbAb + gelsolin <br />
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| * γ 1 actin (Ag)
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| **[[1atn]] – rAg+cDNase I<br />
| | == Reference == |
| **[[3chw]] – Major DdAg+hProfilin+poly-Pro repeat – ''Dictyostelium discoideum''<br />
| | <references/> |
| **[[3ci5]], [[3cip]], [[1nmd]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[3a5l]], [[3a5m]], [[3a5n]], [[3a5o]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin (mutant)<br />
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| **[[1c0g]], [[1dej]] – DdAg:tetrahymenatA+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[1nm1]] - DdAg+hGelsolin+Mg-ATP<br />
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| **[[1nlv]], [[1c0f]] – DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[1d4x]] – Ag 1/3+hGelsolin – ''C. elegans''<br />
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| **[[1h1v]] – hAg+rGelsolin<br />
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| **[[1hlu]], [[2btf]] – cAg+cProfilin<br />
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| **[[1o1g]], [[1o1a]], [[1o1b]], [[1o1c]], [[1o1d]], [[1o1e]], [[1o1f]], [[1o18]], [[1o19]], [[1mvw]], [[1m8q]] –cAg+cMyosin II - tomography<br />
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| **[[3eks]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)<br />
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| **[[3eku]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)+cytochalasin D<br />
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| **[[3el2]], [[2hf4]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ATP<br />
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| **[[2hf3]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ADP<br />
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| **[[3w3d]] – cAg + DNase I<br />
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| **[[3b63]] – actin filament – ''Limulus polyphemus''<br />
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| **[[1yvn]] – yA (mutant)+hGelsolin <br />
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| **[[1yag]] - yA+hGelsolin<br />
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| **[[3mmv]] – DmA-5C+spire WH2 domain<br />
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| **[[3mn6]], [[3mn7]], [[3mn9]] - DmA-5C (mutant)+spire<br />
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| **[[4efh]] – A + spire domains C,D – ''Acanthamoeba castellanii''
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| }}
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| [[Category:Topic Page]] | | [[Category:Topic Page]] |