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| [[Image:3hbt.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Native G-actin [[3hbt]]]]
| | <StructureSection load='3hbt' size='450' side='right' scene='43/430015/Cv/3' caption='Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) [[3hbt]]'> |
| {{STRUCTURE_3hbt| PDB=3hbt | SIZE=400| SCENE=Actin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion [[3hbt]] }}
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| [[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Actin, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of rabbit Native G-actin ([[3hbt]]). For more details see [[F-actin]]. <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).
| | == Function == |
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| {{TOC limit|limit=2}}
| | [[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref> It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]). Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis. Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements. |
| <br /> | | *'''α actin''' is found exclusively in muscle fibres.<br /> |
| <br /> | | *'''β actin''' is required for early embryonic development<ref>PMID:21900491</ref>.<br /> |
| <br /> | | *'''γ actin''' is required for cytoskeletal maintenance<ref>PMID:19497859</ref>. |
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| == 3D Structures of Actin ==
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| ''Update May 2012''
| | See also [[Actin Protein (Hebrew)]] |
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| === α actin 1 (Aa) === | | == Disease == |
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| [[2w49]] – cAa +troponin C+ troponin T+ troponin I+ tropomyocin alpha-1 – chicken<br />
| | Mutations in α-actin found in skeletal striated muscles can cause myopathy. Mutations in α-actin found in smooth muscles can cause thoracic aortic aneurism. Mutations in α-actin found in heart muscles can cause heart malfunctioning. |
| [[1mdu]] – cAa+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[3hbt]], [[2zwh]], [[1nwk]], [[1j6z]], [[3g37]], [[2y83]] – rAa – rabbit<br />
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| [[2q1n]], [[2q31]], [[2a5x]], [[1rdw]], [[1rfq]], [[1lcu]] – rAa – dimer<br />
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| [[3mfp]] – rAa – Cryo EM<br />
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| [[2q36]], [[1qz5]] – rAa+kabiramide C – dimer<br />
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| [[2hmp]] – rAa – protease cleaved<br />
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| [[2zwh]], [[2gwj]], [[2gwk]] – rAa-ATP<br />
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| [[2vyp]] – rAa+myxobacterial rhizopodin<br />
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| [[2v51]], [[2v52]], [[2yje]], [[2yjf]] – rAa+mMKL/Myocardin-like protein – mouse (m)<br />
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| [[2vcp]] – rAa+ neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (hWASP) – human (h)<br />
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| [[2a3z]], [[2a40]], [[2a41]] – rAa+cDNase I+domains of hWASP – cow (c)<br />
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| [[2ff3]] - rAa+ hGelsolin +domains of hWASP <br />
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| [[2a42]] – rAa+cDNase I<br />
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| [[3daw]] – rAa+mTwinfilin-1<br />
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| [[3buz]] – rAa+Iota toxin component IA<br />
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| [[3b5u]] – rAa filament – fiber diffraction<br />
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| [[1eqy]], [[3cjb]], [[1p8z]], [[3ffk]] – rAa+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[1rgi]] - rAa+hoGelsolin – horse (ho)<br />
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| [[1t44]] - rAa+hGelsolin:mThymosin β-4 <br />
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| [[3u8x]] - rAa+DmThymosin β-4 - ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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| [[1esv]] - rAa+hGelsolin+ latrunculin A<br />
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| [[3cjc]] - rAa+hGelsolin+cDNase I<br />
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| [[2d1k]] - rAa+hWH2 domain of MIN+cDNase I<br />
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| [[2pbd]] – rAa+hProfilin-1<br />
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| [[2pav]] - rAa+hProfilin-1+hVASP<br />
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| [[2q97]] – rAa+toxofilin – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
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| [[2q0r]] – rAa+pectenotoxin-2<br />
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| [[2q0u]] - rAa+pectenotoxin-2+latrunculin B<br />
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| [[1ijj]] - rAa+latrunculin A<br />
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| [[2fxu]] – rAa+bistramide A<br />
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| [[1wua]] – rAa+alpyronine A<br />
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| [[2asm]], [[2asp]] – rAa+reidispongiolide<br />
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| [[2aso]] – rAa+sphinxolide B<br />
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| [[1yxq]] – rAa+swinholide A<br />
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| [[1y64]] – rAa+yBNI1 domain FH2 - yeast<br />
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| [[1sqk]] – rAa+DmCiboulot <br />
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| [[3sjh]], [[3u9d]], [[3u9z]] - rAa+DmCiboulot thymosin β-4 domain<br />
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| [[3mn5]] – rAa+ DmSpire WH2 domain<br />
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| [[2ff6]] - rAa+DmCiboulot+hGelsolin <br />
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| [[1s22]] – rAa+ulapualide A<br />
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| [[1qz6]] – rAa+jaspisamide A<br />
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| [[1lot]], [[1kxp]], [[1ma9]] – rAa+hVitamin D binding protein<br />
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| [[3m1f]] – rAa+VOPL WH2 domain<br />
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| [[3m3n]] – rAa+mN-WASP<br />
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| [[3m6g]] – rAa+lobophorolide<br />
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| [[3tpq]] – rAa + MAL RPEL domain<br />
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| [[3ue5]] – rAa + spire domain D
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| === β actin (Ab) === | | == Structural highlights == |
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| [[3lue]] – hAb+hAlpha-actinin <br />
| | <scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/13'>ATP and Ca2+ ion are located in cleft</scene>. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP. Actin filaments are polar. They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction. |
| [[3byh]] – hAb+hFimbrin ABD2 – Cryo EM<br />
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| [[2oan]] – cAb<br />
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| [[3j0s]] – cAb + cofilin 2<br />
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| [[3u4l]], [[3ub5]] – Ab + profilin-1 - bovine
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| === γ 1 actin (Ag) === | | == 3D Structures of Actin == |
| | [[Actin 3D structures]] |
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| [[1atn]] – rAg+cDNase I<br />
| | </StructureSection> |
| [[3chw]] – Major DdAg+hProfilin+poly-Pro repeat – ''Dictyostelium discoideum''<br />
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| [[3ci5]], [[3cip]], [[1nmd]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[3a5l]], [[3a5m]], [[3a5n]], [[3a5o]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin (mutant)<br />
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| [[1c0g]], [[1dej]] – DdAg:tetrahymenatA+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[1nm1]] - DdAg+hGelsolin+Mg-ATP<br />
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| [[1nlv]], [[1c0f]] – DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[1d4x]] – Ag 1/3+hGelsolin – ''C. elegans''<br />
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| [[1h1v]] – hAg+rGelsolin<br />
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| [[1hlu]], [[2btf]] – cA+cProfilin<br />
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| [[1o1g]], [[1o1a]], [[1o1b]], [[1o1c]], [[1o1d]], [[1o1e]], [[1o1f]], [[1o18]], [[1o19]], [[1mvw]], [[1m8q]] –cAg+cMyosin II - tomography<br />
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| [[3eks]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)<br />
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| [[3eku]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)+cytochalasin D<br />
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| [[3el2]], [[2hf4]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ATP<br />
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| [[2hf3]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ADP<br />
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| [[3b63]] – actin filament – ''Limulus polyphemus''<br />
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| [[1yvn]] – yA (mutant)+hGelsolin <br />
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| [[1yag]] - yA+hGelsolin<br />
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| [[3mmv]] – DmA-5C+spire WH2 domain<br />
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| [[3mn6]], [[3mn7]], [[3mn9]] - DmA-5C (mutant)+spire<br />
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| [[4efh]] – A + spire domains C,D – ''Acanthamoeba castellanii''
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| | == Reference == |
| | <references/> |
| [[Category:Topic Page]] | | [[Category:Topic Page]] |