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==Solution structure of Crotamine, a neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus== | ==Solution structure of Crotamine, a neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus== | ||
<StructureSection load='1h5o' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1h5o | <StructureSection load='1h5o' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1h5o]]' scene=''> | ||
== Structural highlights == | == Structural highlights == | ||
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1h5o]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [ | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1h5o]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_durissus_terrificus Crotalus durissus terrificus]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1H5O OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1H5O FirstGlance]. <br> | ||
</td></tr><tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[ | </td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR, 26 models</td></tr> | ||
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1h5o FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1h5o OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1h5o PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1h5o RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1h5o PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1h5o ProSAT]</span></td></tr> | |||
</table> | </table> | ||
== Function == | == Function == | ||
[ | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MYC2_CRODU MYC2_CRODU] Cationic peptide that possesses multiple functions. It acts as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), and as a potent voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitor. It exhibits antimicrobial activities, hind limb paralysis, and severe muscle necrosis by a non-enzymatic mechanism. As a cell-penetrating peptide, crotamine has high specificity for actively proliferating cells, and interacts inside the cell with subcellular and subnuclear structures, like vesicular compartments, chromosomes and centrioles. It penetrates into the cells as fast as five minutes after its addition to cell culture medium (PubMed:18662711). In vivo, after intraperitoneal administration, it is found in cells of peritoneal fluid and bone marrow, demonstrating preferential nuclear and perinuclear localization. To enter the cell, it interacts with the chains of heparan sulfate membrane proteoglycan (HSPG), and is endocytosed (in complex with HSPG) in vesicles which are transported into the cell with the help of clathrin. Inside the cell, crotamine accumulates in lysosomal vesicles. As soon as the peptide accumulates in endosomes/lysosomes vesicles, these compartments are disrupted and their contents released into the cytosol. This loss of lysosomal content induces cell death at high concentrations, or promotes the distribution of crotamine in cytoplasmic compartments, which is a step before crotamine nuclear uptake (PubMed:15231729, PubMed:17491023). As a potassium channel inhibitor, this toxin selectively inhibits Kv1.1/KCNA1, Kv1.2/KCNA2 and Kv1.3/KCNA3 channels with an IC(50) of 369, 386 and 287 nM, respectively (PubMed:22498659). The inhibition of Kv1.3/KCNA channels induced by this toxin occurs rapidly and is voltage-independent. The channel inhibition is reversible after washing, suggesting a pure and classical channel blockage effect, without effects in potassium channel kinetics (PubMed:22498659). As an antimicrobial peptide, crotamine shows antibacterial activity against E.coli and B.subtilis, and antifungal activity against Candida spp., Trichosporon spp. and C.neoformans. It kills bacteria through membrane permeabilization.<ref>PMID:1176086</ref> <ref>PMID:15231729</ref> <ref>PMID:17491023</ref> <ref>PMID:17588630</ref> <ref>PMID:18662711</ref> <ref>PMID:19706485</ref> <ref>PMID:21386851</ref> <ref>PMID:22142367</ref> <ref>PMID:22498659</ref> <ref>PMID:23022146</ref> <ref>PMID:667499</ref> <ref>PMID:9839677</ref> | ||
== Evolutionary Conservation == | == Evolutionary Conservation == | ||
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]] | [[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]] | ||
Check<jmol> | Check<jmol> | ||
<jmolCheckbox> | <jmolCheckbox> | ||
<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/h5/1h5o_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked> | <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/h5/1h5o_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked> | ||
<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/ | <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked> | ||
<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text> | <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text> | ||
</jmolCheckbox> | </jmolCheckbox> | ||
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/ | </jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1h5o ConSurf]. | ||
<div style="clear:both"></div> | <div style="clear:both"></div> | ||
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;"> | <div style="background-color:#fffaf0;"> | ||
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__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category: Crotalus durissus terrificus]] | ||
[[Category: Chiara | [[Category: Large Structures]] | ||
[[Category: Franzoni | [[Category: De Chiara C]] | ||
[[Category: Giglio | [[Category: Franzoni L]] | ||
[[Category: Mancin | [[Category: Giglio JR]] | ||
[[Category: Nicastro | [[Category: Mancin CA]] | ||
[[Category: Spisni | [[Category: Nicastro G]] | ||
[[Category: Spisni A]] | |||