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'''Calpains''' (CAP) are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases.  CAPs are regulated by Ca+2 concentration, phosphorylation and calpastatin.<ref>PMID:12843408</ref> The CAP family contains 14 members.<br />
'''Calpains''' (CAP) are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases.  CAPs are regulated by Ca+2 concentration, phosphorylation and calpastatin.<ref>PMID:12843408</ref> The CAP family contains 14 members.<br />
*  '''CAP1''' (or mu-CAP) and '''CAP2''' (or M-CAP) T are the best characterized CAPs. <br />
*  '''CAP1''' (or mu-CAP) and '''CAP2''' (or M-CAP) T are the best characterized CAPs. <br />
*  '''CAP2''' limits the extent of neuronal plasticity and learning<ref>PMID:33339205</ref>.
*  '''CAP3''' is expressed in skeletal muscles and regulates sarcomere remodelling<ref>PMID:16884488</ref>.
*  '''CAP7''' is atypical CAP that lacks a penta-EF-hand domain.<br />
*  '''CAP7''' is atypical CAP that lacks a penta-EF-hand domain.<br />
*  '''CAP8''' and '''CAP9''' are involved in the mucosal defense against stress-induced gastropathies.<br />
*  '''CAP8''' and '''CAP9''' are involved in the mucosal defense against stress-induced gastropathies.<br />
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CAP is a heterodimer containing a small 28kDa regulatory subunit which is identical for all CAPs and a large 80kDa catalytic subunit.  CAP undergoes conformational change upon binding of Ca+2 ions resulting in closing of its active site cleft and activation as a cysteine protease. <ref>PMID:11893336</ref>
CAP is a heterodimer containing a small 28kDa regulatory subunit which is identical for all CAPs and a large 80kDa catalytic subunit.  CAP undergoes conformational change upon binding of Ca+2 ions resulting in closing of its active site cleft and activation as a cysteine protease. <ref>PMID:11893336</ref>
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/3'>1st Ca+2 coordination site</scene>.
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/7'>Inhibitor binding site</scene>. Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/2'>2nd Ca+2 coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:16411745</ref>
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/8'>Covalent bond between Cys 115 of human calpain1 large subunit with inhibitor</scene>.
</StructureSection>
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/4'>1st Ca+2 coordination site</scene>.  
*<scene name='51/517369/Cv/5'>2nd Ca+2 coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:16411745</ref>


==3D structures of calpain==
==3D structures of calpain==
[[Calpain 3D structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
*CAP small subunit
 
**[[1aj5]]– rCAP domain VI – rat<br />
**[[1dvi]] - rCAP domain VI + Ca<br />
**[[1np8]] – rCAP residues 87-245 - Cd<br />
**[[1alv]], [[1nx2]] - pCAP domain VI + Ca – pig<br />
**[[1alw]], [[1nx3]] - pCAP domain VI + Ca+ inhibitor<br />
**[[1nx0]] - pCAP domain VI + Ca+ Calpastatin peptide + small molecule inhibitor peptide<br />
**[[1nx1]] - pCAP domain VI + Ca+ Calpastatin peptide<br />
**[[4phj]] – hCAP EF-hand subunit + Ca - human<br />
**[[4phk]], [[4phm]], [[4phn]], [[4wq2]], [[4wq3]], [[5d69]] – hCAP EF-hand subunit + Ca + inhibitor<br />
 
*CAP1
 
**[[1kxr]], [[1tlo]], [[1qxp]] - rCAP protease domain + Ca<br />
**[[1tl9]] - rCAP protease domain + Ca+ leupeptin inhibitor<br />
**[[2g8e]], [[2g8j]], [[2nqg]], [[2nqi]], [[2r9c]], [[2r9f]] - rCAP protease domain + Ca+ inhibitor<br />
**[[2ary]] - hCAP protease domain + Ca <br />
**[[1zcm]] - hCAP protease domain (mutant) + Ca+ inhibitor<br />
 
*CAP2
 
**[[1mdw]] – rCAP2 protease core domain I and II (mutant) + Ca<br />
**[[1df0]], [[1u5i]] – rCAP small subunit domain VI + rCAP2 large subunit<br />
**[[3df0]] - hCAP small subunit + hCAP2 large subunit + Calpastatin + Ca<br />
**[[3bow]] - rCAP small subunit + rCAP2 large subunit + Calpastatin + Ca<br />
**[[1kfu]], [[1kfx]] – hCAP small subunit + hCAP2 large subunit
 
*CAP3
 
**[[4okh]] - hCAP EF-hand domain<br />
 
*CAP7
 
**[[2qfe]] - hCAP C2-like domain
 
*CAP8
 
**[[2nqa]] - hCAP protease domain + Ca+ leupeptin inhibitor<br />
 
*CAP9
 
**[[1ziv]] – hCAP catalytic domain<br />
**[[2p0r]] - hCAP protease domain + Ca+ leupeptin inhibitor<br />
 
*CAP13


**[[2i7a]] – hCAP domain IV + Ca<br />
}}
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky
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