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[[Image:1hl5.png|left|200px]]


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==The Structure of Holo Type Human Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase==
The line below this paragraph, containing "STRUCTURE_1hl5", creates the "Structure Box" on the page.
<StructureSection load='1hl5' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1hl5]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.80&Aring;' scene=''>
You may change the PDB parameter (which sets the PDB file loaded into the applet)  
== Structural highlights ==
or the SCENE parameter (which sets the initial scene displayed when the page is loaded),
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1hl5]] is a 18 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1HL5 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1HL5 FirstGlance]. <br>
or leave the SCENE parameter empty for the default display.
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.8&#8491;</td></tr>
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<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=CU:COPPER+(II)+ION'>CU</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
{{STRUCTURE_1hl5|  PDB=1hl5  |  SCENE=  }}
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1hl5 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1hl5 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1hl5 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1hl5 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1hl5 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1hl5 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SODC_HUMAN SODC_HUMAN] Defects in SOD1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/105400 105400]. ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms.<ref>PMID:12963370</ref> <ref>PMID:19741096</ref> <ref>PMID:8528216</ref> <ref>PMID:8682505</ref> <ref>PMID:9541385</ref> <ref>PMID:12754496</ref> <ref>PMID:15056757</ref> <ref>PMID:18378676</ref> [:]<ref>PMID:8446170</ref> <ref>PMID:8351519</ref> <ref>PMID:8179602</ref> <ref>PMID:7980516</ref> <ref>PMID:8069312</ref> <ref>PMID:7951252</ref> <ref>PMID:7881433</ref> <ref>PMID:7836951</ref> <ref>PMID:7997024</ref> <ref>PMID:7870076</ref> <ref>PMID:7887412</ref> <ref>PMID:7795609</ref> <ref>PMID:7655468</ref> <ref>PMID:7655469</ref> <ref>PMID:7655471</ref> <ref>PMID:7700376</ref> <ref>PMID:7647793</ref> <ref>PMID:7501156</ref> <ref>PMID:7496169</ref> <ref>PMID:8938700</ref> <ref>PMID:8907321</ref> <ref>PMID:8990014</ref> <ref>PMID:9101297</ref> <ref>PMID:9455977</ref> <ref>PMID:10732812</ref> <ref>PMID:9131652</ref> <ref>PMID:10400992</ref> <ref>PMID:10430435</ref> <ref>PMID:11535232</ref> <ref>PMID:11369193</ref> <ref>PMID:12402272</ref> <ref>PMID:12145308</ref> <ref>PMID:14506936</ref> <ref>PMID:18552350</ref> <ref>PMID:18301754</ref> <ref>PMID:21247266</ref> <ref>PMID:21220647</ref>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SODC_HUMAN SODC_HUMAN] Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/hl/1hl5_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1hl5 ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) forms a crucial component of the cellular defence against oxidative stress. Zn-deficient wild-type and mutant human SOD1 have been implicated in the disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We present here the crystal structures of holo and metal-deficient (apo) wild-type protein at 1.8A resolution. The P21 wild-type holo enzyme structure has nine independently refined dimers and these combine to form a "trimer of dimers" packing motif in each asymmetric unit. There is no significant asymmetry between the monomers in these dimers, in contrast to the subunit structures of the FALS G37R mutant of human SOD1 and in bovine Cu,Zn SOD. Metal-deficient apo SOD1 crystallizes with two dimers in the asymmetric unit and shows changes in the metal-binding sites and disorder in the Zn binding and electrostatic loops of one dimer, which is devoid of metals. The second dimer lacks Cu but has approximately 20% occupancy of the Zn site and remains structurally similar to wild-type SOD1. The apo protein forms a continuous, extended arrangement of beta-barrels stacked up along the short crystallographic b-axis, while perpendicular to this axis, the constituent beta-strands form a zig-zag array of filaments, the overall arrangement of which has a similarity to the common structure associated with amyloid-like fibrils.


===THE STRUCTURE OF HOLO TYPE HUMAN CU, ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE===
The structure of holo and metal-deficient wild-type human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and its relevance to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.,Strange RW, Antonyuk S, Hough MA, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS J Mol Biol. 2003 May 9;328(4):877-91. PMID:12729761<ref>PMID:12729761</ref>


From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 1hl5" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>


<!--
==See Also==
The line below this paragraph, {{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12729761}}, adds the Publication Abstract to the page
*[[Superoxide dismutase 3D structures|Superoxide dismutase 3D structures]]
(as it appears on PubMed at http://www.pubmed.gov), where 12729761 is the PubMed ID number.
== References ==
-->
<references/>
{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_12729761}}
__TOC__
 
</StructureSection>
==About this Structure==
1HL5 is a [[Single protein]] structure of sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1HL5 OCA].
 
==Reference==
The structure of holo and metal-deficient wild-type human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and its relevance to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis., Strange RW, Antonyuk S, Hough MA, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS, J Mol Biol. 2003 May 9;328(4):877-91. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12729761 12729761]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Single protein]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Superoxide dismutase]]
[[Category: Antonyuk S]]
[[Category: Antonyuk, S.]]
[[Category: Doucette P]]
[[Category: Doucette, P.]]
[[Category: Hart PJ]]
[[Category: Hart, P J.]]
[[Category: Hasnain SS]]
[[Category: Hasnain, S S.]]
[[Category: Hayward LJ]]
[[Category: Hayward, L J.]]
[[Category: Hough MA]]
[[Category: Hough, M A.]]
[[Category: Rodriguez J]]
[[Category: Rodriguez, J.]]
[[Category: Strange RW]]
[[Category: Strange, R W.]]
[[Category: Valentine JS]]
[[Category: Valentine, J S.]]
[[Category: Acetylation]]
[[Category: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
[[Category: Antioxidant]]
[[Category: Copper]]
[[Category: Disease mutation]]
[[Category: Human cu]]
[[Category: Metal-binding]]
[[Category: Oxidoreductase]]
[[Category: Zinc]]
[[Category: Zn superoxide dismutase]]
 
''Page seeded by [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca OCA ] on Tue Jul  1 08:20:47 2008''

Latest revision as of 15:28, 13 December 2023

The Structure of Holo Type Human Cu, Zn Superoxide DismutaseThe Structure of Holo Type Human Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase

Structural highlights

1hl5 is a 18 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Method:X-ray diffraction, Resolution 1.8Å
Ligands:, ,
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT

Disease

SODC_HUMAN Defects in SOD1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (ALS1) [MIM:105400. ALS1 is a familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons and resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. Death usually occurs within 2 to 5 years. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of cases leading to familial forms.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [:][9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]

Function

SODC_HUMAN Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) forms a crucial component of the cellular defence against oxidative stress. Zn-deficient wild-type and mutant human SOD1 have been implicated in the disease familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). We present here the crystal structures of holo and metal-deficient (apo) wild-type protein at 1.8A resolution. The P21 wild-type holo enzyme structure has nine independently refined dimers and these combine to form a "trimer of dimers" packing motif in each asymmetric unit. There is no significant asymmetry between the monomers in these dimers, in contrast to the subunit structures of the FALS G37R mutant of human SOD1 and in bovine Cu,Zn SOD. Metal-deficient apo SOD1 crystallizes with two dimers in the asymmetric unit and shows changes in the metal-binding sites and disorder in the Zn binding and electrostatic loops of one dimer, which is devoid of metals. The second dimer lacks Cu but has approximately 20% occupancy of the Zn site and remains structurally similar to wild-type SOD1. The apo protein forms a continuous, extended arrangement of beta-barrels stacked up along the short crystallographic b-axis, while perpendicular to this axis, the constituent beta-strands form a zig-zag array of filaments, the overall arrangement of which has a similarity to the common structure associated with amyloid-like fibrils.

The structure of holo and metal-deficient wild-type human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and its relevance to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.,Strange RW, Antonyuk S, Hough MA, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS J Mol Biol. 2003 May 9;328(4):877-91. PMID:12729761[46]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ DiDonato M, Craig L, Huff ME, Thayer MM, Cardoso RM, Kassmann CJ, Lo TP, Bruns CK, Powers ET, Kelly JW, Getzoff ED, Tainer JA. ALS mutants of human superoxide dismutase form fibrous aggregates via framework destabilization. J Mol Biol. 2003 Sep 19;332(3):601-15. PMID:12963370
  2. ↑ Yonashiro R, Sugiura A, Miyachi M, Fukuda T, Matsushita N, Inatome R, Ogata Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Yanagi S. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL ubiquitinates mutant SOD1 and attenuates mutant SOD1-induced reactive oxygen species generation. Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Nov;20(21):4524-30. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E09-02-0112. Epub 2009, Sep 9. PMID:19741096 doi:10.1091/mbc.E09-02-0112
  3. ↑ Enayat ZE, Orrell RW, Claus A, Ludolph A, Bachus R, Brockmuller J, Ray-Chaudhuri K, Radunovic A, Shaw C, Wilkinson J, et al.. Two novel mutations in the gene for copper zinc superoxide dismutase in UK families with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jul;4(7):1239-40. PMID:8528216
  4. ↑ Kostrzewa M, Damian MS, Muller U. Superoxide dismutase 1: identification of a novel mutation in a case of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Genet. 1996 Jul;98(1):48-50. PMID:8682505
  5. ↑ Hart PJ, Liu H, Pellegrini M, Nersissian AM, Gralla EB, Valentine JS, Eisenberg D. Subunit asymmetry in the three-dimensional structure of a human CuZnSOD mutant found in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Protein Sci. 1998 Mar;7(3):545-55. PMID:9541385
  6. ↑ Elam JS, Taylor AB, Strange R, Antonyuk S, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hasnain SS, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Yeates TO, Hart PJ. Amyloid-like filaments and water-filled nanotubes formed by SOD1 mutant proteins linked to familial ALS. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jun;10(6):461-7. PMID:12754496 doi:10.1038/nsb935
  7. ↑ Hough MA, Grossmann JG, Antonyuk SV, Strange RW, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Whitson LJ, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS. Dimer destabilization in superoxide dismutase may result in disease-causing properties: structures of motor neuron disease mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 20;101(16):5976-81. Epub 2004 Mar 31. PMID:15056757 doi:10.1073/pnas.0305143101
  8. ↑ Cao X, Antonyuk SV, Seetharaman SV, Whitson LJ, Taylor AB, Holloway SP, Strange RW, Doucette PA, Valentine JS, Tiwari A, Hayward LJ, Padua S, Cohlberg JA, Hasnain SS, Hart PJ. Structures of the G85R variant of SOD1 in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 6;283(23):16169-77. Epub 2008 Mar 31. PMID:18378676 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801522200
  9. ↑ Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, Hentati A, Donaldson D, Goto J, O'Regan JP, Deng HX, et al.. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4;362(6415):59-62. PMID:8446170 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/362059a0
  10. ↑ Deng HX, Hentati A, Tainer JA, Iqbal Z, Cayabyab A, Hung WY, Getzoff ED, Hu P, Herzfeldt B, Roos RP, et al.. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and structural defects in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase. Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1047-51. PMID:8351519
  11. ↑ Nakano R, Sato S, Inuzuka T, Sakimura K, Mishina M, Takahashi H, Ikuta F, Honma Y, Fujii J, Taniguchi N, et al.. A novel mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in Japanese familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Apr 29;200(2):695-703. PMID:8179602
  12. ↑ Hirano M, Fujii J, Nagai Y, Sonobe M, Okamoto K, Araki H, Taniguchi N, Ueno S. A new variant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Val7-->Glu) deduced from lymphocyte mRNA sequences from Japanese patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Oct 28;204(2):572-7. PMID:7980516 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2497
  13. ↑ Jones CT, Swingler RJ, Brock DJ. Identification of a novel SOD1 mutation in an apparently sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient and the detection of Ile113Thr in three others. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Apr;3(4):649-50. PMID:8069312
  14. ↑ Esteban J, Rosen DR, Bowling AC, Sapp P, McKenna-Yasek D, O'Regan JP, Beal MF, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Identification of two novel mutations and a new polymorphism in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jun;3(6):997-8. PMID:7951252
  15. ↑ Kostrzewa M, Burck-Lehmann U, Muller U. Autosomal dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a novel mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Dec;3(12):2261-2. PMID:7881433
  16. ↑ Aoki M, Ogasawara M, Matsubara Y, Narisawa K, Nakamura S, Itoyama Y, Abe K. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Japan associated with H46R mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene: a possible new subtype of familial ALS. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Oct;126(1):77-83. PMID:7836951
  17. ↑ Suthers G, Laing N, Wilton S, Dorosz S, Waddy H. "Sporadic" motoneuron disease due to familial SOD1 mutation with low penetrance. Lancet. 1994 Dec 24-31;344(8939-8940):1773. PMID:7997024
  18. ↑ Jones CT, Shaw PJ, Chari G, Brock DJ. Identification of a novel exon 4 SOD1 mutation in a sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient. Mol Cell Probes. 1994 Aug;8(4):329-30. PMID:7870076 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0890-8508(84)71046-2
  19. ↑ Pramatarova A, Figlewicz DA, Krizus A, Han FY, Ceballos-Picot I, Nicole A, Dib M, Meininger V, Brown RH, Rouleau GA. Identification of new mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Mar;56(3):592-6. PMID:7887412
  20. ↑ Ikeda M, Abe K, Aoki M, Ogasawara M, Kameya T, Watanabe M, Shoji M, Hirai S, Itoyama Y. A novel point mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in a patient with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Mar;4(3):491-2. PMID:7795609
  21. ↑ Yulug IG, Katsanis N, de Belleroche J, Collinge J, Fisher EM. An improved protocol for the analysis of SOD1 gene mutations, and a new mutation in exon 4. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1101-4. PMID:7655468
  22. ↑ Sjalander A, Beckman G, Deng HX, Iqbal Z, Tainer JA, Siddique T. The D90A mutation results in a polymorphism of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase that is prevalent in northern Sweden and Finland. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1105-8. PMID:7655469
  23. ↑ Deng HX, Tainer JA, Mitsumoto H, Ohnishi A, He X, Hung WY, Zhao Y, Juneja T, Hentati A, Siddique T. Two novel SOD1 mutations in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jun;4(6):1113-6. PMID:7655471
  24. ↑ Orrell R, de Belleroche J, Marklund S, Bowe F, Hallewell R. A novel SOD mutant and ALS. Nature. 1995 Apr 6;374(6522):504-5. PMID:7700376 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374504a0
  25. ↑ Andersen PM, Nilsson P, Ala-Hurula V, Keranen ML, Tarvainen I, Haltia T, Nilsson L, Binzer M, Forsgren L, Marklund SL. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with homozygosity for an Asp90Ala mutation in CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Nat Genet. 1995 May;10(1):61-6. PMID:7647793 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0595-61
  26. ↑ Ikeda M, Abe K, Aoki M, Sahara M, Watanabe M, Shoji M, St George-Hyslop PH, Hirai S, Itoyama Y. Variable clinical symptoms in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a novel point mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene. Neurology. 1995 Nov;45(11):2038-42. PMID:7501156
  27. ↑ Sapp PC, Rosen DR, Hosler BA, Esteban J, McKenna-Yasek D, O'Regan JP, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Identification of three novel mutations in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1995 Sep;5(5):353-7. PMID:7496169
  28. ↑ Hosler BA, Nicholson GA, Sapp PC, Chin W, Orrell RW, de Belleroche JS, Esteban J, Hayward LJ, Mckenna-Yasek D, Yeung L, Cherryson AK, Dench JE, Wilton SD, Laing NG, Horvitz HR, Brown RH Jr. Three novel mutations and two variants in the gene for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1996 Oct;6(5):361-6. PMID:8938700
  29. ↑ Morita M, Aoki M, Abe K, Hasegawa T, Sakuma R, Onodera Y, Ichikawa N, Nishizawa M, Itoyama Y. A novel two-base mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Feb 23;205(2):79-82. PMID:8907321
  30. ↑ Watanabe M, Aoki M, Abe K, Shoji M, Iizuka T, Ikeda Y, Hirai S, Kurokawa K, Kato T, Sasaki H, Itoyama Y. A novel missense point mutation (S134N) of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in a patient with familial motor neuron disease. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(1):69-71. PMID:8990014 doi:<69::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:1<69::AID-HUMU14>3.0.CO;2-N
  31. ↑ Kawamata J, Shimohama S, Takano S, Harada K, Ueda K, Kimura J. Novel G16S (GGC-AGC) mutation in the SOD-1 gene in a patient with apparently sporadic young-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(4):356-8. PMID:9101297 doi:<356::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-3 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:4<356::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-3
  32. ↑ Orrell RW, Marklund SL, deBelleroche JS. Familial ALS is associated with mutations in all exons of SOD1: a novel mutation in exon 3 (Gly72Ser). J Neurol Sci. 1997 Dec 9;153(1):46-9. PMID:9455977
  33. ↑ Kikugawa K, Nakano R, Inuzuka T, Kokubo Y, Narita Y, Kuzuhara S, Yoshida S, Tsuji S. A missense mutation in the SOD1 gene in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from the Kii Peninsula and its vicinity, Japan. Neurogenetics. 1997 Sep;1(2):113-5. PMID:10732812
  34. ↑ Bereznai B, Winkler A, Borasio GD, Gasser T. A novel SOD1 mutation in an Austrian family with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromuscul Disord. 1997 Mar;7(2):113-6. PMID:9131652
  35. ↑ Ratovitski T, Corson LB, Strain J, Wong P, Cleveland DW, Culotta VC, Borchelt DR. Variation in the biochemical/biophysical properties of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 enzymes and the rate of disease progression in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis kindreds. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Aug;8(8):1451-60. PMID:10400992
  36. ↑ Penco S, Schenone A, Bordo D, Bolognesi M, Abbruzzese M, Bugiani O, Ajmar F, Garre C. A SOD1 gene mutation in a patient with slowly progressing familial ALS. Neurology. 1999 Jul 22;53(2):404-6. PMID:10430435
  37. ↑ Murakami T, Warita H, Hayashi T, Sato K, Manabe Y, Mizuno S, Yamane K, Abe K. A novel SOD1 gene mutation in familial ALS with low penetrance in females. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Aug 15;189(1-2):45-7. PMID:11535232
  38. ↑ Gellera C, Castellotti B, Riggio MC, Silani V, Morandi L, Testa D, Casali C, Taroni F, Di Donato S, Zeviani M, Mariotti C. Superoxide dismutase gene mutations in Italian patients with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identification of three novel missense mutations. Neuromuscul Disord. 2001 May;11(4):404-10. PMID:11369193
  39. ↑ Alexander MD, Traynor BJ, Miller N, Corr B, Frost E, McQuaid S, Brett FM, Green A, Hardiman O. "True" sporadic ALS associated with a novel SOD-1 mutation. Ann Neurol. 2002 Nov;52(5):680-3. PMID:12402272 doi:10.1002/ana.10369
  40. ↑ Niwa J, Ishigaki S, Hishikawa N, Yamamoto M, Doyu M, Murata S, Tanaka K, Taniguchi N, Sobue G. Dorfin ubiquitylates mutant SOD1 and prevents mutant SOD1-mediated neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27;277(39):36793-8. Epub 2002 Jul 26. PMID:12145308 doi:10.1074/jbc.M206559200
  41. ↑ Andersen PM, Sims KB, Xin WW, Kiely R, O'Neill G, Ravits J, Pioro E, Harati Y, Brower RD, Levine JS, Heinicke HU, Seltzer W, Boss M, Brown RH Jr. Sixteen novel mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a decade of discoveries, defects and disputes. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2003 Jun;4(2):62-73. PMID:14506936
  42. ↑ Furukawa Y, Kaneko K, Yamanaka K, O'Halloran TV, Nukina N. Complete loss of post-translational modifications triggers fibrillar aggregation of SOD1 in the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 29;283(35):24167-76. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M802083200. Epub 2008, Jun 13. PMID:18552350 doi:10.1074/jbc.M802083200
  43. ↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Boca M, Girotto S, Martinelli M, Valentine JS, Vieru M. SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: mutations and oligomerization. PLoS One. 2008 Feb 27;3(2):e1677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001677. PMID:18301754 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001677
  44. ↑ del Grande A, Luigetti M, Conte A, Mancuso I, Lattante S, Marangi G, Stipa G, Zollino M, Sabatelli M. A novel L67P SOD1 mutation in an Italian ALS patient. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2011 Mar;12(2):150-2. doi: 10.3109/17482968.2011.551939., Epub 2011 Jan 19. PMID:21247266 doi:10.3109/17482968.2011.551939
  45. ↑ Chio A, Borghero G, Pugliatti M, Ticca A, Calvo A, Moglia C, Mutani R, Brunetti M, Ossola I, Marrosu MG, Murru MR, Floris G, Cannas A, Parish LD, Cossu P, Abramzon Y, Johnson JO, Nalls MA, Arepalli S, Chong S, Hernandez DG, Traynor BJ, Restagno G. Large proportion of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases in Sardinia due to a single founder mutation of the TARDBP gene. Arch Neurol. 2011 May;68(5):594-8. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.352. Epub 2011, Jan 10. PMID:21220647 doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.352
  46. ↑ Strange RW, Antonyuk S, Hough MA, Doucette PA, Rodriguez JA, Hart PJ, Hayward LJ, Valentine JS, Hasnain SS. The structure of holo and metal-deficient wild-type human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and its relevance to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Mol Biol. 2003 May 9;328(4):877-91. PMID:12729761

1hl5, resolution 1.80Å

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