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{{STRUCTURE_2gmx|  PDB=2gmx  |  SCENE=  }}
===Selective Aminopyridine-Based C-Jun N-terminal Kinase inhibitors with cellular activity===
{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_16759099}}


==Disease==
==Selective Aminopyridine-Based C-Jun N-terminal Kinase inhibitors with cellular activity==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/JIP1_HUMAN JIP1_HUMAN]] Defects in MAPK8IP1 are a cause of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125853 125853]]. NIDDM is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset during adulthood and insulin resistance.<ref>PMID:10700186</ref>  
<StructureSection load='2gmx' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2gmx]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.50&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2gmx]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2GMX OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2GMX FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 3.5&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=877:N-(4-AMINO-5-CYANO-6-ETHOXYPYRIDIN-2-YL)-2-(4-BROMO-2,5-DIMETHOXYPHENYL)ACETAMIDE'>877</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2gmx FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2gmx OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2gmx PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2gmx RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2gmx PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2gmx ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK08_HUMAN MK08_HUMAN] Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, transformation and programmed cell death. Extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress stimulate the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. In this cascade, two dual specificity kinases MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 phosphorylate and activate MAPK8/JNK1. In turn, MAPK8/JNK1 phosphorylates a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as JUN, JDP2 and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. Phosphorylates the replication licensing factor CDT1, inhibiting the interaction between CDT1 and the histone H4 acetylase HBO1 to replication origins. Loss of this interaction abrogates the acetylation required for replication initiation. Promotes stressed cell apoptosis by phosphorylating key regulatory factors including p53/TP53 and Yes-associates protein YAP1. In T-cells, MAPK8 and MAPK9 are required for polarized differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1 cells. Contributes to the survival of erythroid cells by phosphorylating the antagonist of cell death BAD upon EPO stimulation. Mediates starvation-induced BCL2 phosphorylation, BCL2 dissociation from BECN1, and thus activation of autophagy. Phosphorylates STMN2 and hence regulates microtubule dynamics, controlling neurite elongation in cortical neurons. In the developing brain, through its cytoplasmic activity on STMN2, negatively regulates the rate of exit from multipolar stage and of radial migration from the ventricular zone. Phosphorylates several other substrates including heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4), the deacetylase SIRT1, ELK1, or the E3 ligase ITCH.<ref>PMID:16581800</ref> <ref>PMID:17296730</ref> <ref>PMID:18307971</ref> <ref>PMID:18570871</ref> <ref>PMID:20027304</ref> <ref>PMID:21364637</ref> <ref>PMID:21095239</ref> <ref>PMID:21856198</ref>  JNK1 isoforms display different binding patterns: beta-1 preferentially binds to c-Jun, whereas alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-2 have a similar low level of binding to both c-Jun or ATF2. However, there is no correlation between binding and phosphorylation, which is achieved at about the same efficiency by all isoforms.<ref>PMID:16581800</ref> <ref>PMID:17296730</ref> <ref>PMID:18307971</ref> <ref>PMID:18570871</ref> <ref>PMID:20027304</ref> <ref>PMID:21364637</ref> <ref>PMID:21095239</ref> <ref>PMID:21856198</ref>  
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/gm/2gmx_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2gmx ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK-1, -2, and -3) are members of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family of enzymes. They are activated in response to certain cytokines, as well as by cellular stresses including chemotoxins, peroxides, and irradiation. They have been implicated in the pathology of a variety of different diseases with an inflammatory component including asthma, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this work, high-throughput screening identified a JNK inhibitor with an excellent kinase selectivity profile. Using X-ray crystallography and biochemical screening to guide our lead optimization, we prepared compounds with inhibitory potencies in the low-double-digit nanomolar range, activity in whole cells, and pharmacokinetics suitable for in vivo use. The new compounds were over 1,000-fold selective for JNK-1 and -2 over other MAP kinases including ERK2, p38alpha, and p38delta and showed little inhibitory activity against a panel of 74 kinases.


==Function==
Aminopyridine-based c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors with cellular activity and minimal cross-kinase activity.,Szczepankiewicz BG, Kosogof C, Nelson LT, Liu G, Liu B, Zhao H, Serby MD, Xin Z, Liu M, Gum RJ, Haasch DL, Wang S, Clampit JE, Johnson EF, Lubben TH, Stashko MA, Olejniczak ET, Sun C, Dorwin SA, Haskins K, Abad-Zapatero C, Fry EH, Hutchins CW, Sham HL, Rondinone CM, Trevillyan JM J Med Chem. 2006 Jun 15;49(12):3563-80. PMID:16759099<ref>PMID:16759099</ref>
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MK08_HUMAN MK08_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, transformation and programmed cell death. Extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress stimulate the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. In this cascade, two dual specificity kinases MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 phosphorylate and activate MAPK8/JNK1. In turn, MAPK8/JNK1 phosphorylates a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as JUN, JDP2 and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. Phosphorylates the replication licensing factor CDT1, inhibiting the interaction between CDT1 and the histone H4 acetylase HBO1 to replication origins. Loss of this interaction abrogates the acetylation required for replication initiation. Promotes stressed cell apoptosis by phosphorylating key regulatory factors including p53/TP53 and Yes-associates protein YAP1. In T-cells, MAPK8 and MAPK9 are required for polarized differentiation of T-helper cells into Th1 cells. Contributes to the survival of erythroid cells by phosphorylating the antagonist of cell death BAD upon EPO stimulation. Mediates starvation-induced BCL2 phosphorylation, BCL2 dissociation from BECN1, and thus activation of autophagy. Phosphorylates STMN2 and hence regulates microtubule dynamics, controlling neurite elongation in cortical neurons. In the developing brain, through its cytoplasmic activity on STMN2, negatively regulates the rate of exit from multipolar stage and of radial migration from the ventricular zone. Phosphorylates several other substrates including heat shock factor protein 4 (HSF4), the deacetylase SIRT1, ELK1, or the E3 ligase ITCH.<ref>PMID:16581800</ref><ref>PMID:17296730</ref><ref>PMID:18307971</ref><ref>PMID:18570871</ref><ref>PMID:20027304</ref><ref>PMID:21364637</ref><ref>PMID:21095239</ref><ref>PMID:21856198</ref>  JNK1 isoforms display different binding patterns: beta-1 preferentially binds to c-Jun, whereas alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-2 have a similar low level of binding to both c-Jun or ATF2. However, there is no correlation between binding and phosphorylation, which is achieved at about the same efficiency by all isoforms.<ref>PMID:16581800</ref><ref>PMID:17296730</ref><ref>PMID:18307971</ref><ref>PMID:18570871</ref><ref>PMID:20027304</ref><ref>PMID:21364637</ref><ref>PMID:21095239</ref><ref>PMID:21856198</ref> [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/JIP1_HUMAN JIP1_HUMAN]] The JNK-interacting protein (JIP) group of scaffold proteins selectively mediates JNK signaling by aggregating specific components of the MAPK cascade to form a functional JNK signaling module. Required for JNK activation in response to excitotoxic stress. Cytoplasmic MAPK8IP1 causes inhibition of JNK-regulated activity by retaining JNK in the cytoplasm and inhibiting JNK phosphorylation of c-Jun. May also participate in ApoER2-specific reelin signaling. Directly, or indirectly, regulates GLUT2 gene expression and beta-cell function. Appears to have a role in cell signaling in mature and developing nerve terminals. May function as a regulator of vesicle transport, through interactions with the JNK-signaling components and motor proteins (By similarity). Functions as an anti-apoptotic protein and whose level seems to influence the beta-cell death or survival response.


==About this Structure==
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
[[2gmx]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2GMX OCA].
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2gmx" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>


==See Also==
==See Also==
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase|Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3D structures|Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3D structures]]
 
== References ==
==Reference==
<references/>
<ref group="xtra">PMID:016759099</ref><ref group="xtra">PMID:016527482</ref><references group="xtra"/><references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Abad-Zapatero, C.]]
[[Category: Abad-Zapatero C]]
[[Category: Aminopyridine-based c-jun n-terminal kinase inhibitor]]
[[Category: C-jun n-terminal kinase]]
[[Category: Jnk1]]
[[Category: Protein kinase jnk1 inhibitor]]
[[Category: Transcription]]

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