5dls: Difference between revisions

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New page: '''Unreleased structure''' The entry 5dls is ON HOLD until Paper Publication Authors: Massey, A.J., Stokes, S., Browne, H., Foloppe, N., Fiumana, A., Scrace, S., Fallowfield, M., Bedfor...
 
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'''Unreleased structure'''


The entry 5dls is ON HOLD  until Paper Publication
==Identification of Novel, in vivo Active Chk1 Inhibitors Utilizing Structure Guided Drug Design==
<StructureSection load='5dls' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5dls]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.15&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5dls]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5DLS OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5DLS FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.15&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=5CV:1-BENZYL-N-(5-{5-[3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)-2,2-DIMETHYLPROPOXY]-1H-INDOL-2-YL}-6-OXO-1,6-DIHYDROPYRIDIN-3-YL)-1H-PYRAZOLE-4-CARBOXAMIDE'>5CV</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5dls FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5dls OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5dls PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5dls RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5dls PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5dls ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CHK1_HUMAN CHK1_HUMAN] Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. This regulation is achieved by a number of mechanisms that together help to preserve the integrity of the genome. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Binds to and phosphorylates CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-178' and 'Thr-507' and phosphorylation of CDC25C at 'Ser-216' creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which inhibit CDC25A and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76', 'Ser-124', 'Ser-178', 'Ser-279' and 'Ser-293' promotes proteolysis of CDC25A. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76' primes the protein for subsequent phosphorylation at 'Ser-79', 'Ser-82' and 'Ser-88' by NEK11, which is required for polyubiquitination and degradation of CDCD25A. Inhibition of CDC25 leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. Also phosphorylates NEK6. Binds to and phosphorylates RAD51 at 'Thr-309', which promotes the release of RAD51 from BRCA2 and enhances the association of RAD51 with chromatin, thereby promoting DNA repair by homologous recombination. Phosphorylates multiple sites within the C-terminus of TP53, which promotes activation of TP53 by acetylation and promotes cell cycle arrest and suppression of cellular proliferation. Also promotes repair of DNA cross-links through phosphorylation of FANCE. Binds to and phosphorylates TLK1 at 'Ser-743', which prevents the TLK1-dependent phosphorylation of the chromatin assembly factor ASF1A. This may enhance chromatin assembly both in the presence or absence of DNA damage. May also play a role in replication fork maintenance through regulation of PCNA. May regulate the transcription of genes that regulate cell-cycle progression through the phosphorylation of histones. Phosphorylates histone H3.1 (to form H3T11ph), which leads to epigenetic inhibition of a subset of genes. May also phosphorylate RB1 to promote its interaction with the E2F family of transcription factors and subsequent cell cycle arrest.<ref>PMID:9278511</ref> <ref>PMID:10673501</ref> <ref>PMID:11535615</ref> <ref>PMID:12446774</ref> <ref>PMID:12399544</ref> <ref>PMID:12676583</ref> <ref>PMID:12660173</ref> <ref>PMID:14681206</ref> <ref>PMID:12676925</ref> <ref>PMID:12759351</ref> <ref>PMID:14559997</ref> <ref>PMID:14988723</ref> <ref>PMID:15311285</ref> <ref>PMID:15659650</ref> <ref>PMID:15665856</ref> <ref>PMID:15650047</ref> <ref>PMID:16511572</ref> <ref>PMID:16963448</ref> <ref>PMID:17380128</ref> <ref>PMID:17296736</ref> <ref>PMID:18510930</ref> <ref>PMID:18728393</ref> <ref>PMID:18451105</ref> <ref>PMID:18317453</ref> <ref>PMID:19734889</ref> <ref>PMID:20090422</ref>  Isoform 2: Endogenous repressor of isoform 1, interacts with, and antagonizes CHK1 to promote the S to G2/M phase transition.<ref>PMID:9278511</ref> <ref>PMID:10673501</ref> <ref>PMID:11535615</ref> <ref>PMID:12446774</ref> <ref>PMID:12399544</ref> <ref>PMID:12676583</ref> <ref>PMID:12660173</ref> <ref>PMID:14681206</ref> <ref>PMID:12676925</ref> <ref>PMID:12759351</ref> <ref>PMID:14559997</ref> <ref>PMID:14988723</ref> <ref>PMID:15311285</ref> <ref>PMID:15659650</ref> <ref>PMID:15665856</ref> <ref>PMID:15650047</ref> <ref>PMID:16511572</ref> <ref>PMID:16963448</ref> <ref>PMID:17380128</ref> <ref>PMID:17296736</ref> <ref>PMID:18510930</ref> <ref>PMID:18728393</ref> <ref>PMID:18451105</ref> <ref>PMID:18317453</ref> <ref>PMID:19734889</ref> <ref>PMID:20090422</ref>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Chk1 kinase is a critical component of the DNA damage response checkpoint especially in cancer cells and targeting Chk1 is a potential therapeutic opportunity for potentiating the anti-tumor activity of DNA damaging chemotherapy drugs. Fragment elaboration by structure guided design was utilized to identify and develop a novel series of Chk1 inhibitors culminating in the identification of V158411, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases. V158411 abrogated gemcitabine and camptothecin induced cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in the expected modulation of cell cycle proteins and increased cell death in cancer cells. V158411 potentiated the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, cisplatin, SN38 and camptothecin in a variety of p53 deficient human tumor cell lines in vitro, p53 proficient cells were unaffected. In nude mice, V158411 showed minimal toxicity as a single agent and in combination with irinotecan. In tumor bearing animals, V158411 was detected at high levels in the tumor with a long elimination half-life; no pharmacologically significant in vivo drug-drug interactions with irinotecan were identified through analysis of the pharmacokinetic profiles. V158411 potentiated the anti-tumor activity of irinotecan in a variety of human colon tumor xenograft models without additional systemic toxicity. These results demonstrate the opportunity for combining V158411 with standard of care chemotherapeutic agents to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of these agents without increasing their toxicity to normal cells. Thus, V158411 would warrant further clinical evaluation.


Authors: Massey, A.J., Stokes, S., Browne, H., Foloppe, N., Fiumana, A., Scrace, S., Fallowfield, M., Bedford, S., Webb, P., Baker, L.M., Christie, M., Drysdale, M.J., Wood, M.
Identification of novel, in vivo active Chk1 inhibitors utilizing structure guided drug design.,Massey AJ, Stokes S, Browne H, Foloppe N, Fiumana A, Scrace S, Fallowfield M, Bedford S, Webb P, Baker L, Christie M, Drysdale MJ, Wood M Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 30. PMID:26437226<ref>PMID:26437226</ref>


Description: Identification of Novel, in vivo Active Chk1 Inhibitors Utilizing Structure Guided Drug Design
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
[[Category: Unreleased Structures]]
</div>
[[Category: Fiumana, A]]
<div class="pdbe-citations 5dls" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
[[Category: Massey, A.J]]
 
[[Category: Stokes, S]]
==See Also==
[[Category: Wood, M]]
*[[Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures|Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures]]
[[Category: Scrace, S]]
== References ==
[[Category: Bedford, S]]
<references/>
[[Category: Webb, P]]
__TOC__
[[Category: Baker, L.M]]
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Christie, M]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Browne, H]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Fallowfield, M]]
[[Category: Baker LM]]
[[Category: Foloppe, N]]
[[Category: Bedford S]]
[[Category: Drysdale, M.J]]
[[Category: Browne H]]
[[Category: Christie M]]
[[Category: Drysdale MJ]]
[[Category: Fallowfield M]]
[[Category: Fiumana A]]
[[Category: Foloppe N]]
[[Category: Massey AJ]]
[[Category: Scrace S]]
[[Category: Stokes S]]
[[Category: Webb P]]
[[Category: Wood M]]

Latest revision as of 00:48, 29 June 2023

Identification of Novel, in vivo Active Chk1 Inhibitors Utilizing Structure Guided Drug DesignIdentification of Novel, in vivo Active Chk1 Inhibitors Utilizing Structure Guided Drug Design

Structural highlights

5dls is a 1 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Method:X-ray diffraction, Resolution 2.15Å
Ligands:,
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT

Function

CHK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair in response to the presence of DNA damage or unreplicated DNA. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. This regulation is achieved by a number of mechanisms that together help to preserve the integrity of the genome. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [R-X-X-S/T]. Binds to and phosphorylates CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-178' and 'Thr-507' and phosphorylation of CDC25C at 'Ser-216' creates binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins which inhibit CDC25A and CDC25C. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76', 'Ser-124', 'Ser-178', 'Ser-279' and 'Ser-293' promotes proteolysis of CDC25A. Phosphorylation of CDC25A at 'Ser-76' primes the protein for subsequent phosphorylation at 'Ser-79', 'Ser-82' and 'Ser-88' by NEK11, which is required for polyubiquitination and degradation of CDCD25A. Inhibition of CDC25 leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. Also phosphorylates NEK6. Binds to and phosphorylates RAD51 at 'Thr-309', which promotes the release of RAD51 from BRCA2 and enhances the association of RAD51 with chromatin, thereby promoting DNA repair by homologous recombination. Phosphorylates multiple sites within the C-terminus of TP53, which promotes activation of TP53 by acetylation and promotes cell cycle arrest and suppression of cellular proliferation. Also promotes repair of DNA cross-links through phosphorylation of FANCE. Binds to and phosphorylates TLK1 at 'Ser-743', which prevents the TLK1-dependent phosphorylation of the chromatin assembly factor ASF1A. This may enhance chromatin assembly both in the presence or absence of DNA damage. May also play a role in replication fork maintenance through regulation of PCNA. May regulate the transcription of genes that regulate cell-cycle progression through the phosphorylation of histones. Phosphorylates histone H3.1 (to form H3T11ph), which leads to epigenetic inhibition of a subset of genes. May also phosphorylate RB1 to promote its interaction with the E2F family of transcription factors and subsequent cell cycle arrest.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Isoform 2: Endogenous repressor of isoform 1, interacts with, and antagonizes CHK1 to promote the S to G2/M phase transition.[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Chk1 kinase is a critical component of the DNA damage response checkpoint especially in cancer cells and targeting Chk1 is a potential therapeutic opportunity for potentiating the anti-tumor activity of DNA damaging chemotherapy drugs. Fragment elaboration by structure guided design was utilized to identify and develop a novel series of Chk1 inhibitors culminating in the identification of V158411, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 kinases. V158411 abrogated gemcitabine and camptothecin induced cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in the expected modulation of cell cycle proteins and increased cell death in cancer cells. V158411 potentiated the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, cisplatin, SN38 and camptothecin in a variety of p53 deficient human tumor cell lines in vitro, p53 proficient cells were unaffected. In nude mice, V158411 showed minimal toxicity as a single agent and in combination with irinotecan. In tumor bearing animals, V158411 was detected at high levels in the tumor with a long elimination half-life; no pharmacologically significant in vivo drug-drug interactions with irinotecan were identified through analysis of the pharmacokinetic profiles. V158411 potentiated the anti-tumor activity of irinotecan in a variety of human colon tumor xenograft models without additional systemic toxicity. These results demonstrate the opportunity for combining V158411 with standard of care chemotherapeutic agents to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of these agents without increasing their toxicity to normal cells. Thus, V158411 would warrant further clinical evaluation.

Identification of novel, in vivo active Chk1 inhibitors utilizing structure guided drug design.,Massey AJ, Stokes S, Browne H, Foloppe N, Fiumana A, Scrace S, Fallowfield M, Bedford S, Webb P, Baker L, Christie M, Drysdale MJ, Wood M Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 30. PMID:26437226[53]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Sanchez Y, Wong C, Thoma RS, Richman R, Wu Z, Piwnica-Worms H, Elledge SJ. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1497-501. PMID:9278511
  2. ↑ Shieh SY, Ahn J, Tamai K, Taya Y, Prives C. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites. Genes Dev. 2000 Feb 1;14(3):289-300. PMID:10673501
  3. ↑ Feijoo C, Hall-Jackson C, Wu R, Jenkins D, Leitch J, Gilbert DM, Smythe C. Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: a role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing. J Cell Biol. 2001 Sep 3;154(5):913-23. PMID:11535615 doi:10.1083/jcb.200104099
  4. ↑ Heffernan TP, Simpson DA, Frank AR, Heinloth AN, Paules RS, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK. An ATR- and Chk1-dependent S checkpoint inhibits replicon initiation following UVC-induced DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;22(24):8552-61. PMID:12446774
  5. ↑ Zhao H, Watkins JL, Piwnica-Worms H. Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14795-800. Epub 2002 Oct 24. PMID:12399544 doi:10.1073/pnas.182557299
  6. ↑ Sorensen CS, Syljuasen RG, Falck J, Schroeder T, Ronnstrand L, Khanna KK, Zhou BB, Bartek J, Lukas J. Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. Cancer Cell. 2003 Mar;3(3):247-58. PMID:12676583
  7. ↑ Groth A, Lukas J, Nigg EA, Sillje HH, Wernstedt C, Bartek J, Hansen K. Human Tousled like kinases are targeted by an ATM- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. EMBO J. 2003 Apr 1;22(7):1676-87. PMID:12660173 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg151
  8. ↑ Jin J, Shirogane T, Xu L, Nalepa G, Qin J, Elledge SJ, Harper JW. SCFbeta-TRCP links Chk1 signaling to degradation of the Cdc25A protein phosphatase. Genes Dev. 2003 Dec 15;17(24):3062-74. Epub 2003 Dec 17. PMID:14681206 doi:10.1101/gad.1157503
  9. ↑ Xiao Z, Chen Z, Gunasekera AH, Sowin TJ, Rosenberg SH, Fesik S, Zhang H. Chk1 mediates S and G2 arrests through Cdc25A degradation in response to DNA-damaging agents. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 13;278(24):21767-73. Epub 2003 Apr 3. PMID:12676925 doi:10.1074/jbc.M300229200
  10. ↑ Hassepass I, Voit R, Hoffmann I. Phosphorylation at serine 75 is required for UV-mediated degradation of human Cdc25A phosphatase at the S-phase checkpoint. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):29824-9. Epub 2003 May 20. PMID:12759351 doi:10.1074/jbc.M302704200
  11. ↑ Chen MS, Ryan CE, Piwnica-Worms H. Chk1 kinase negatively regulates mitotic function of Cdc25A phosphatase through 14-3-3 binding. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Nov;23(21):7488-97. PMID:14559997
  12. ↑ Pichierri P, Rosselli F. The DNA crosslink-induced S-phase checkpoint depends on ATR-CHK1 and ATR-NBS1-FANCD2 pathways. EMBO J. 2004 Mar 10;23(5):1178-87. Epub 2004 Feb 26. PMID:14988723 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600113
  13. ↑ Kramer A, Mailand N, Lukas C, Syljuasen RG, Wilkinson CJ, Nigg EA, Bartek J, Lukas J. Centrosome-associated Chk1 prevents premature activation of cyclin-B-Cdk1 kinase. Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;6(9):884-91. Epub 2004 Aug 15. PMID:15311285 doi:10.1038/ncb1165
  14. ↑ Ou YH, Chung PH, Sun TP, Shieh SY. p53 C-terminal phosphorylation by CHK1 and CHK2 participates in the regulation of DNA-damage-induced C-terminal acetylation. Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Apr;16(4):1684-95. Epub 2005 Jan 19. PMID:15659650 doi:E04-08-0689
  15. ↑ Sorensen CS, Hansen LT, Dziegielewski J, Syljuasen RG, Lundin C, Bartek J, Helleday T. The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammalian homologous recombination repair. Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;7(2):195-201. Epub 2005 Jan 23. PMID:15665856 doi:10.1038/ncb1212
  16. ↑ Huang X, Tran T, Zhang L, Hatcher R, Zhang P. DNA damage-induced mitotic catastrophe is mediated by the Chk1-dependent mitotic exit DNA damage checkpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 25;102(4):1065-70. Epub 2005 Jan 13. PMID:15650047 doi:10.1073/pnas.0409130102
  17. ↑ Jin Y, Dai MS, Lu SZ, Xu Y, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Lu H. 14-3-3gamma binds to MDMX that is phosphorylated by UV-activated Chk1, resulting in p53 activation. EMBO J. 2006 Mar 22;25(6):1207-18. Epub 2006 Mar 2. PMID:16511572 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601010
  18. ↑ Chini CC, Chen J. Repeated phosphopeptide motifs in human Claspin are phosphorylated by Chk1 and mediate Claspin function. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 3;281(44):33276-82. Epub 2006 Sep 8. PMID:16963448 doi:10.1074/jbc.M604373200
  19. ↑ Inoue Y, Kitagawa M, Taya Y. Phosphorylation of pRB at Ser612 by Chk1/2 leads to a complex between pRB and E2F-1 after DNA damage. EMBO J. 2007 Apr 18;26(8):2083-93. Epub 2007 Mar 22. PMID:17380128 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601652
  20. ↑ Wang X, Kennedy RD, Ray K, Stuckert P, Ellenberger T, D'Andrea AD. Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of FANCE is required for the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):3098-108. Epub 2007 Feb 12. PMID:17296736 doi:10.1128/MCB.02357-06
  21. ↑ Sidi S, Sanda T, Kennedy RD, Hagen AT, Jette CA, Hoffmans R, Pascual J, Imamura S, Kishi S, Amatruda JF, Kanki JP, Green DR, D'Andrea AA, Look AT. Chk1 suppresses a caspase-2 apoptotic response to DNA damage that bypasses p53, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Cell. 2008 May 30;133(5):864-77. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.037. PMID:18510930 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.037
  22. ↑ Lee MY, Kim HJ, Kim MA, Jee HJ, Kim AJ, Bae YS, Park JI, Chung JH, Yun J. Nek6 is involved in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through DNA damage-induced phosphorylation. Cell Cycle. 2008 Sep 1;7(17):2705-9. Epub 2008 Sep 3. PMID:18728393
  23. ↑ Yang XH, Shiotani B, Classon M, Zou L. Chk1 and Claspin potentiate PCNA ubiquitination. Genes Dev. 2008 May 1;22(9):1147-52. doi: 10.1101/gad.1632808. PMID:18451105 doi:10.1101/gad.1632808
  24. ↑ Bahassi EM, Ovesen JL, Riesenberg AL, Bernstein WZ, Hasty PE, Stambrook PJ. The checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 regulate the functional associations between hBRCA2 and Rad51 in response to DNA damage. Oncogene. 2008 Jun 26;27(28):3977-85. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.17. Epub 2008 Mar 3. PMID:18317453 doi:10.1038/onc.2008.17
  25. ↑ Melixetian M, Klein DK, Sorensen CS, Helin K. NEK11 regulates CDC25A degradation and the IR-induced G2/M checkpoint. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;11(10):1247-53. doi: 10.1038/ncb1969. Epub 2009 Sep 6. PMID:19734889 doi:10.1038/ncb1969
  26. ↑ Sorensen CS, Melixetian M, Klein DK, Helin K. NEK11: linking CHK1 and CDC25A in DNA damage checkpoint signaling. Cell Cycle. 2010 Feb 1;9(3):450-5. Epub 2010 Feb 3. PMID:20090422
  27. ↑ Sanchez Y, Wong C, Thoma RS, Richman R, Wu Z, Piwnica-Worms H, Elledge SJ. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1497-501. PMID:9278511
  28. ↑ Shieh SY, Ahn J, Tamai K, Taya Y, Prives C. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage-inducible sites. Genes Dev. 2000 Feb 1;14(3):289-300. PMID:10673501
  29. ↑ Feijoo C, Hall-Jackson C, Wu R, Jenkins D, Leitch J, Gilbert DM, Smythe C. Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: a role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing. J Cell Biol. 2001 Sep 3;154(5):913-23. PMID:11535615 doi:10.1083/jcb.200104099
  30. ↑ Heffernan TP, Simpson DA, Frank AR, Heinloth AN, Paules RS, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK. An ATR- and Chk1-dependent S checkpoint inhibits replicon initiation following UVC-induced DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Dec;22(24):8552-61. PMID:12446774
  31. ↑ Zhao H, Watkins JL, Piwnica-Worms H. Disruption of the checkpoint kinase 1/cell division cycle 25A pathway abrogates ionizing radiation-induced S and G2 checkpoints. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14795-800. Epub 2002 Oct 24. PMID:12399544 doi:10.1073/pnas.182557299
  32. ↑ Sorensen CS, Syljuasen RG, Falck J, Schroeder T, Ronnstrand L, Khanna KK, Zhou BB, Bartek J, Lukas J. Chk1 regulates the S phase checkpoint by coupling the physiological turnover and ionizing radiation-induced accelerated proteolysis of Cdc25A. Cancer Cell. 2003 Mar;3(3):247-58. PMID:12676583
  33. ↑ Groth A, Lukas J, Nigg EA, Sillje HH, Wernstedt C, Bartek J, Hansen K. Human Tousled like kinases are targeted by an ATM- and Chk1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. EMBO J. 2003 Apr 1;22(7):1676-87. PMID:12660173 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg151
  34. ↑ Jin J, Shirogane T, Xu L, Nalepa G, Qin J, Elledge SJ, Harper JW. SCFbeta-TRCP links Chk1 signaling to degradation of the Cdc25A protein phosphatase. Genes Dev. 2003 Dec 15;17(24):3062-74. Epub 2003 Dec 17. PMID:14681206 doi:10.1101/gad.1157503
  35. ↑ Xiao Z, Chen Z, Gunasekera AH, Sowin TJ, Rosenberg SH, Fesik S, Zhang H. Chk1 mediates S and G2 arrests through Cdc25A degradation in response to DNA-damaging agents. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 13;278(24):21767-73. Epub 2003 Apr 3. PMID:12676925 doi:10.1074/jbc.M300229200
  36. ↑ Hassepass I, Voit R, Hoffmann I. Phosphorylation at serine 75 is required for UV-mediated degradation of human Cdc25A phosphatase at the S-phase checkpoint. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 8;278(32):29824-9. Epub 2003 May 20. PMID:12759351 doi:10.1074/jbc.M302704200
  37. ↑ Chen MS, Ryan CE, Piwnica-Worms H. Chk1 kinase negatively regulates mitotic function of Cdc25A phosphatase through 14-3-3 binding. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Nov;23(21):7488-97. PMID:14559997
  38. ↑ Pichierri P, Rosselli F. The DNA crosslink-induced S-phase checkpoint depends on ATR-CHK1 and ATR-NBS1-FANCD2 pathways. EMBO J. 2004 Mar 10;23(5):1178-87. Epub 2004 Feb 26. PMID:14988723 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600113
  39. ↑ Kramer A, Mailand N, Lukas C, Syljuasen RG, Wilkinson CJ, Nigg EA, Bartek J, Lukas J. Centrosome-associated Chk1 prevents premature activation of cyclin-B-Cdk1 kinase. Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Sep;6(9):884-91. Epub 2004 Aug 15. PMID:15311285 doi:10.1038/ncb1165
  40. ↑ Ou YH, Chung PH, Sun TP, Shieh SY. p53 C-terminal phosphorylation by CHK1 and CHK2 participates in the regulation of DNA-damage-induced C-terminal acetylation. Mol Biol Cell. 2005 Apr;16(4):1684-95. Epub 2005 Jan 19. PMID:15659650 doi:E04-08-0689
  41. ↑ Sorensen CS, Hansen LT, Dziegielewski J, Syljuasen RG, Lundin C, Bartek J, Helleday T. The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for mammalian homologous recombination repair. Nat Cell Biol. 2005 Feb;7(2):195-201. Epub 2005 Jan 23. PMID:15665856 doi:10.1038/ncb1212
  42. ↑ Huang X, Tran T, Zhang L, Hatcher R, Zhang P. DNA damage-induced mitotic catastrophe is mediated by the Chk1-dependent mitotic exit DNA damage checkpoint. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 25;102(4):1065-70. Epub 2005 Jan 13. PMID:15650047 doi:10.1073/pnas.0409130102
  43. ↑ Jin Y, Dai MS, Lu SZ, Xu Y, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Lu H. 14-3-3gamma binds to MDMX that is phosphorylated by UV-activated Chk1, resulting in p53 activation. EMBO J. 2006 Mar 22;25(6):1207-18. Epub 2006 Mar 2. PMID:16511572 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601010
  44. ↑ Chini CC, Chen J. Repeated phosphopeptide motifs in human Claspin are phosphorylated by Chk1 and mediate Claspin function. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 3;281(44):33276-82. Epub 2006 Sep 8. PMID:16963448 doi:10.1074/jbc.M604373200
  45. ↑ Inoue Y, Kitagawa M, Taya Y. Phosphorylation of pRB at Ser612 by Chk1/2 leads to a complex between pRB and E2F-1 after DNA damage. EMBO J. 2007 Apr 18;26(8):2083-93. Epub 2007 Mar 22. PMID:17380128 doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601652
  46. ↑ Wang X, Kennedy RD, Ray K, Stuckert P, Ellenberger T, D'Andrea AD. Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of FANCE is required for the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):3098-108. Epub 2007 Feb 12. PMID:17296736 doi:10.1128/MCB.02357-06
  47. ↑ Sidi S, Sanda T, Kennedy RD, Hagen AT, Jette CA, Hoffmans R, Pascual J, Imamura S, Kishi S, Amatruda JF, Kanki JP, Green DR, D'Andrea AA, Look AT. Chk1 suppresses a caspase-2 apoptotic response to DNA damage that bypasses p53, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Cell. 2008 May 30;133(5):864-77. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.037. PMID:18510930 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.037
  48. ↑ Lee MY, Kim HJ, Kim MA, Jee HJ, Kim AJ, Bae YS, Park JI, Chung JH, Yun J. Nek6 is involved in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest through DNA damage-induced phosphorylation. Cell Cycle. 2008 Sep 1;7(17):2705-9. Epub 2008 Sep 3. PMID:18728393
  49. ↑ Yang XH, Shiotani B, Classon M, Zou L. Chk1 and Claspin potentiate PCNA ubiquitination. Genes Dev. 2008 May 1;22(9):1147-52. doi: 10.1101/gad.1632808. PMID:18451105 doi:10.1101/gad.1632808
  50. ↑ Bahassi EM, Ovesen JL, Riesenberg AL, Bernstein WZ, Hasty PE, Stambrook PJ. The checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Chk2 regulate the functional associations between hBRCA2 and Rad51 in response to DNA damage. Oncogene. 2008 Jun 26;27(28):3977-85. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.17. Epub 2008 Mar 3. PMID:18317453 doi:10.1038/onc.2008.17
  51. ↑ Melixetian M, Klein DK, Sorensen CS, Helin K. NEK11 regulates CDC25A degradation and the IR-induced G2/M checkpoint. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Oct;11(10):1247-53. doi: 10.1038/ncb1969. Epub 2009 Sep 6. PMID:19734889 doi:10.1038/ncb1969
  52. ↑ Sorensen CS, Melixetian M, Klein DK, Helin K. NEK11: linking CHK1 and CDC25A in DNA damage checkpoint signaling. Cell Cycle. 2010 Feb 1;9(3):450-5. Epub 2010 Feb 3. PMID:20090422
  53. ↑ Massey AJ, Stokes S, Browne H, Foloppe N, Fiumana A, Scrace S, Fallowfield M, Bedford S, Webb P, Baker L, Christie M, Drysdale MJ, Wood M. Identification of novel, in vivo active Chk1 inhibitors utilizing structure guided drug design. Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 30. PMID:26437226

5dls, resolution 2.15Å

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