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Signal transduction: Difference between revisions

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<StructureSection load='' size='300' side='right' scene='Journal:JBSD:16/Cv/2' caption='Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code [[2bg9]]'>
<StructureSection load='' size='300' side='right' scene='Journal:JBSD:16/Cv/2' caption='Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor, PDB code [[2bg9]]'>
'''Under development!'''
*[[Ligand]]
*[[Ligand]]
*[[Types of ligands]]
*[[Types of ligands]]
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*[[Growth factors]]
*[[Growth factors]]
*[[Neurotransmitters]]
*[[Neurotransmitters]]
*[[Neuropeptides]]
*[[Neuromodulators]]
*[[Receptor]]
*[[Receptor]]
*[[Ion channels]]
*[[Ion channels]]
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*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]]
*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]]


=Sex steroids=
'''[[Sex steroids]]'''
==[[Androgens]]==
 
''[[Androgens]]''
An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. The major androgen in males is <scene name='89/895670/Cv/5'>testosterone</scene>. It is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. It is a steroid from the androstane class. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the [[androgen receptor]].
An androgen is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. The major androgen in males is <scene name='89/895670/Cv/5'>testosterone</scene>. It is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. It is a steroid from the androstane class. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the [[androgen receptor]].
*[[Androgen receptor]]. Ligand binding domain (LBD) containing an <scene name='54/543362/Cv/3'>active site</scene> which binds intramolecularly the N-terminal FXXFL motif or coactivators with the same motif.<ref>PMID:18805694</ref> Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/6'>Human androgen receptor bound to testosterone</scene> ([[2ylo]]).
*[[Androgen receptor]]. Ligand binding domain (LBD) containing an <scene name='54/543362/Cv/3'>active site</scene> which binds intramolecularly the N-terminal FXXFL motif or coactivators with the same motif.<ref>PMID:18805694</ref> Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='89/895670/Cv/6'>Human androgen receptor bound to testosterone</scene> ([[2ylo]]).
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*Cytochrome P450 3A4 ([[CYP3A4]])
*Cytochrome P450 3A4 ([[CYP3A4]])


==[[Estrogens]]==
''[[Estrogens]]''
 
There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.
There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol, an estrane, is the most potent and prevalent. Another estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy.
*[[Estrogen receptor]]
*[[Estrogen receptor]]
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*[[3l03]] - Crystal Structure of human Estrogen Receptor alpha Ligand-Binding Domain in complex with a Glucocorticoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Nr Box II peptide and Estetrol (Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 alpha,16alpha,17beta-tetrol)
*[[3l03]] - Crystal Structure of human Estrogen Receptor alpha Ligand-Binding Domain in complex with a Glucocorticoid Receptor Interacting Protein 1 Nr Box II peptide and Estetrol (Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15 alpha,16alpha,17beta-tetrol)


==[[Progestogens]]==
''[[Progestogens]]''


'''Progesterone'''
'''Progesterone'''
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*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]], 20-α HSD is involved in the control of progesterone level in pregnancy of mice. 17-β HSD is involved in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone.
*[[Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]], 20-α HSD is involved in the control of progesterone level in pregnancy of mice. 17-β HSD is involved in the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone.


=Vitamin D derivatives; secosteroids (open-ring steroids)=
'''Vitamin D derivatives; secosteroids (open-ring steroids)'''


<scene name='89/895670/Cv/9'>Vitamin D</scene>.
<scene name='89/895670/Cv/9'>Vitamin D</scene>.
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The vitamin D nuclear receptor is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that controls multiple biological responses such as cell proliferation, immune responses, and bone mineralization. Numerous 1 α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogues, which exhibit low calcemic side effects and/or antitumoral properties, have been synthesized. It was shown that <scene name='56/562378/3a3z/1'>the synthetic analogue (20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2a)</scene> acts as a 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) superagonist and exhibits both antiproliferative and prodifferentiating properties in vitro. Using this information and on the basis of the crystal structures of human VDR ligand binding domain (hVDR LBD) bound to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), 2α-methyl-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), or 2a, a novel analogue, 2α-methyl-(20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4a) was designed, in order to increase its transactivation potency.
The vitamin D nuclear receptor is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that controls multiple biological responses such as cell proliferation, immune responses, and bone mineralization. Numerous 1 α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogues, which exhibit low calcemic side effects and/or antitumoral properties, have been synthesized. It was shown that <scene name='56/562378/3a3z/1'>the synthetic analogue (20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (2a)</scene> acts as a 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) superagonist and exhibits both antiproliferative and prodifferentiating properties in vitro. Using this information and on the basis of the crystal structures of human VDR ligand binding domain (hVDR LBD) bound to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), 2α-methyl-1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), or 2a, a novel analogue, 2α-methyl-(20S,23S)-epoxymethano-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4a) was designed, in order to increase its transactivation potency.
'''Signaling Pathways:'''


''ABA Signaling Pathway''
''ABA Signaling Pathway''
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*[[Protein Phosphatase 2C]]
*[[Protein Phosphatase 2C]]
*[[ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase]]
*[[ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase]]
'''[[Signaling Pathways]]:'''
*[[Akt/PKB signaling pathway]]
*[[AMPK signaling pathway]]
*[[cAMP-dependent pathway]]
*[[Eph/ephrin signaling pathway]]
*[[Hedgehog signaling pathway]]
*[[Insulin signal transduction pathway]]
*[[JAK-STAT signaling pathway]]
*[[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
*[[mTOR signaling pathway]]
*[[Nodal signaling pathway]]
*[[Notch signaling pathway]]
*[[PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway]]
*[[TGF beta signaling pathway‎]]
*[[TLR signaling pathway]]
*[[VEGF signaling pathway]]
*[[Wnt signaling pathway]]
[[MAPK/ERK pathway]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]


'''[[Protein Kinases]]:'''
'''[[Protein Kinases]]:'''
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*[[Protein kinase C]]
*[[Protein kinase C]]
*The sensitization of [[TRPV1]] is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by [[protein kinase C]] and the cleavage of PIP2.
*The sensitization of [[TRPV1]] is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by [[protein kinase C]] and the cleavage of PIP2.
''MAPK''
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]


''CAMP-dependent protein kinase''
''CAMP-dependent protein kinase''
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*[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]
*[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]


Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily
'''[[Paracrine signaling]]:'''
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily


[[Fibroblast growth factor]] and [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]] (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.
*[[Fibroblast growth factor]] and [[Fibroblast growth factor receptor]] (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.
*[[Hedgehog signaling pathway]]
*[[TGF beta signaling pathway]]‎
*[[Wnt signaling pathway]]


'''Sonic Hedgehog'''
'''[[Intracrine signaling]]'''
*[[Sonic Hedgehog]]
*[[Protein patched homolog 1]] (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures.


'''Ca2+ signalling processes'''
'''[[Ca2+ signalling processes]]'''
*[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]
*[[Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor]]
*[[Calcium-dependent protein kinase]]
*[[Calcium-dependent protein kinase]]
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'''GTPase'''
'''GTPase'''
*[[GTPase HRas]].
*[[GTPase HRas]].
'''The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade'''
MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
*[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase]]
*[[Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2]]
*[[UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2#p38 kinase|p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)]]


'''Inflammatory response'''
'''Inflammatory response'''

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alexander Berchansky
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