Toll-like Receptors: Difference between revisions

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Wayne Decatur, David Canner, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Alexander Berchansky

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-'''Toll-like receptors''', often abbreviated TLRs, are found on the surface of phagocytic cells of vertebrates and invertebrates and are critical to the innate immune system. The Toll-like receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens, such as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, or CpG DNA, and initiate an intracellular kinase cascade, inducing an immediate defensive response.<ref>PMID: 20084417</ref><ref>PMID: 18064347</ref> The receptors are multi-domain structures consisting of an extracellular ectodomain, a transmembrane domain and a intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. The extracellular domains contain [[leucine-rich repeats]].
+<StructureSection load='' size='340' side='right' caption='Glycosylated mouse toll-like receptor 3 dimer complex with double-stranded RNA [[3ciy]]' scene='Toll-like_Receptors/3ciynice/1' >
+__TOC__
+== Function ==
+'''Toll-like receptors''', often abbreviated TLRs, are found on the surface of phagocytic cells of vertebrates and invertebrates and are critical to the innate immune system. The Toll-like receptors recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens, such as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, or CpG DNA, and initiate an intracellular kinase cascade, inducing an immediate defensive response.<ref>PMID: 20084417</ref><ref>PMID: 18064347</ref> See [[Inflammation & Rheumatoid Arthritis]].  The receptors are multi-domain structures consisting of an extracellular ectodomain, a transmembrane domain and a intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. The extracellular domains contain [[leucine-rich repeats]]. See also
+*[[Enzyme-linked receptor]]
+*[[TLR signaling pathway]]
+*'''TLR2''' is likely involved in specific B cell-mediated functions<ref>PMID:16766226</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR4''' is the central lipid recognition protein in the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex<ref>PMID:10683379</ref>.<br />
-[[Image:3ciyPV3D.png|left|thumb|360px|<span style="font-size:1.2em;">Extracellular domain of mouse Toll-like receptor dimer bound to double-stranded RNA which is a molecular signature of many viruses, from [[3ciy]].</span>]]
+*'''TLR5''' protects mice against ''Clostridium'' induced colitis <ref>PMID:21245274</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR6''' is involved in the discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by the immune system<ref>PMID:11431423</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR7''' stimulation promotes autoimmune diabetes in mice<ref>PMID:21340621</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR8''' is linked to the control of CD4+ regulatory T cells<ref>PMID:16123302</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR9''' is involved in the activation of innate immunity<ref>PMID:12243247</ref>.<br />
+*'''TLR10''' see [[:Category:Toll-like receptor 10|Toll-like receptor 10]].<br />
+*'''TLR13''' is activated by a motif in bacterial ribosome 23S RNA and is not present in human<ref>PMID:25225249</ref>.<br />
 <br>&nbsp;<br>
 Articles in Proteopedia concerning Toll-like Receptors include:
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 *[[:Category:Toll pathway|Toll pathway]]
 *[[:Category:Toll-like receptor|Toll-like receptor]]
-*[[:Category:Toll-like receptor 10|Toll-like receptor 10]]
 *[[:Category:Toll|Toll]]
 *[[:Category:Toll like receptor adaptor domain|Toll like receptor adaptor domain]]
 *[[:Category:Tlr|TLR]]
+== Relevance ==
+A variant of TLR3 confers protection agains geographical atrophy<ref>PMID:218753640</ref>.  TLR3 is activated during viral infection<ref>PMID:23864690</ref>. TLR10 is a functional receptor involved in the innate immune response to ''H.pylori'' infection<ref>PMID:25977263</ref>.
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-{{STRUCTURE_3ciy|  PDB=3ciy  | SIZE=400| SCENE=Toll-like_Receptors/3ciynice/1 |right|CAPTION=Mouse toll-like receptor 3 dimer complex with double-stranded RNA [[3ciy]] }}
 ==3D Structures of Toll-like Receptors==
+[[Toll-like Receptor 3D structures]]
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
+</StructureSection>
-===TLR1===
-[[1fyv]] – hTLR1 TIR domain – human<br />
-[[2z7x]], [[2z81]], [[2z82]] – hTLR1/VLRB.61 + hTLR2/VLRB.61 + lipopeptide
-===TLR2===
-[[1fyw]] – hTLR2 TIR domain<br />
-[[1fyx]], [[1o77]] - hTLR2 TIR domain (mutant) <br />
-[[2z80]] – hTLR2/VLRB.61<br />
-[[3a7b]] - mTLR2/VLRB.61 – mouse<br />
-[[3a7c]] - mTLR2/VLRB.61 + PE-DTPA<br />
-[[3a79]] – hTLR2/VLRB.61 + hTLR6/VLRB.61 + lipopeptide
-===TLR3===
-[[1ziw]], [[2a0z]] – hTLR3 ligand-binding domain<br />
-[[3cig]] – mTLR3 ectodomain<br />
-[[3ciy]] - mTLR3 ectodomain + RNA
-===TLR4===
-[[2z62]], [[2z63]], [[2z66]], [[3ul9]] – hTLR4/VLRB.61<br />
-[[3ul8]], [[3ul7]] – hTLR4/VLRB.61 (mutant)<br />
-[[2z64]], [[2z65]] – mTLR4 extracellular domain+ lymphocyte antigen 96<br />
-[[3fxi]], [[4g8a]] - hTLR4 extracellular domain + lymphocyte antigen 96<br />
-[[3ula]] - hTLR4/VLRB.61 + lymphocyte antigen 96<br />
-'''TLR8'''
-[[3w3g]] – hTLR8 <br />
-[[3w3j]], [[3w3k]], [[3w3l]], [[3w3m]], 3w3n]] – hTLR8 + agonist<br />
-===TLR10===
-[[2j67]] – hTLR10 TIR domain
 ==References and Notes==
 <references/>
 ==See Also==