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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Cv/8' caption='Lactate dehydrogenase dimer complex with cofactor NAD and pyruvate (PDB code [[4nd4]])'>
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='40/400612/Cv1/1' caption='Lactate dehydrogenase dimer complex with cofactor NAD and pyruvate (PDB code [[4nd4]])'>
==Function==
==Function==
'''L-lactate dehydrogenase''' (L-LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and NADH+ to L-lactate and NAD+.<br />
'''L-lactate dehydrogenase''' (L-LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and NADH+ to L-lactate and NAD+.<br />
'''H-lactate dehydrogenase''' (H-LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of D-lactate and ferricytochrome c to pyruvate and ferrocytochrome c.<br />
'''H-lactate dehydrogenase''' (H-LDH) catalyzes the interconversion of D-lactate and ferricytochrome c to pyruvate and ferrocytochrome c.<br />
<scene name='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Cv/9'>Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)</scene> is an important enzyme in humans. It occurs in different regions of the body, each region having a unique conformation of different subunits. LDH is a key enzyme in anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic Respiration is the <scene name='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Cv/4'>conversion of pyruvate into lactate acid</scene> in the absence oxygen. This pathway is important to glycolysis in two main ways. The first is that if pyruvate were to build up glycoysis and thus the generation of ATP would slow. The second is anaerobic respiration allows for the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH. NAD+ is required when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis, which generates NADH. Lactate dehydrogenase is responsible for the anaerobic conversion of NADH to NAD+. <scene name='40/400612/Cv/10'>Click here to see the residues which form interactions with pyruvate</scene> in the Lactate Dehydrogenase from ''Cryptosporidium parvum'' ([[4nd4]]).   
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an important enzyme in humans. It occurs in different regions of the body, each region having a unique conformation of different subunits. LDH is a key enzyme in anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic Respiration is the <scene name='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Cv/4'>conversion of pyruvate into lactate acid</scene> in the absence oxygen. This pathway is important to glycolysis in two main ways. The first is that if pyruvate were to build up glycoysis and thus the generation of ATP would slow. The second is anaerobic respiration allows for the regeneration of NAD+ from NADH. NAD+ is required when glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis, which generates NADH. Lactate dehydrogenase is responsible for the anaerobic conversion of NADH to NAD+. <scene name='40/400612/Cv1/2'>Click here to see the residues which form interactions with pyruvate</scene> in the Lactate Dehydrogenase from ''Cryptosporidium parvum'' ([[4nd4]]).   
 
See also: [[Cori cycle]], [[Gluconeogenesis]].


==Human Lactate Dehydrogenase==   
==Human Lactate Dehydrogenase==   
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The <scene name='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Secondary/2'>secondary structure</scene> of LDH as shown here is comprised of 40% alpha helices and 23% beta sheets<ref name="2nd">http://www.cheric.org/ippage/e/ipdata/2004/05/file/e200405-701.pdf </ref>. The SCOP data classifies this form of lactate dehydrogenase as mixed beta-alpha-beta, with mainly parallel beta sheets.  
The <scene name='Lactate_Dehydrogenase/Secondary/2'>secondary structure</scene> of LDH as shown here is comprised of 40% alpha helices and 23% beta sheets<ref name="2nd">http://www.cheric.org/ippage/e/ipdata/2004/05/file/e200405-701.pdf </ref>. The SCOP data classifies this form of lactate dehydrogenase as mixed beta-alpha-beta, with mainly parallel beta sheets.  


See [[Rossmann fold]].
See also
 
*[[Human Lactate Dehydrogenase]]<br />
*[[Jasper Lactate Final]]<br />
*[[Rossmann fold]].


===Catalysis===
===Catalysis===
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As the mechanism is one of equilibrium, There appears to be no regulation specifically designed for lactate dehydrogenase, instead it is dependent on the activation of anaerobic reparation and the presence of pyruvate and NADH, or lactate and NAD+.  
As the mechanism is one of equilibrium, There appears to be no regulation specifically designed for lactate dehydrogenase, instead it is dependent on the activation of anaerobic reparation and the presence of pyruvate and NADH, or lactate and NAD+.  
</StructureSection>
==3D structures of lactate dehydrogenase==
==3D structures of lactate dehydrogenase==
[[Lactate dehydrogenase 3D structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
*L-LDH
 
**[[2e37]], [[2v6m]] – TtL-LDH – ''Thermus thermophilus''<BR />
**[[3zzn]], [[4a73]]– TtL-LDH (mutant) <BR />
**[[2x8l]], [[1ceq]] – PfL-LDH – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<BR />
**[[2zqy]], [[2zqz]], [[1llc]] – LcL-LDH – ''Lactobacillus casei''<BR />
**[[3vku]] - LcL-LDH (mutant)<br />
**[[3d0o]] - SaL-LDH – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<BR />
**[[2v65]] - L-LDH A chain – ''Champsocephalus gunnari''<BR />
**[[2v6b]] – L-LDH – ''Deinococcus radiodurans''<BR />
**[[4nd5]] – CpLDH – ''Cryptosporidium parvum''<BR />
**[[1sov]], [[1pze]] - TgL-LDH – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<BR />
**[[1v6a]] – L-LDH A chain – ''Cyprinus carpio''<BR />
**[[1y6j]] – L-LDH – ''Clostridium thermocellum''<BR />
**[[1ldb]] - GsL-LDH – ''Geobacillus stearothermophilus''<BR />
**[[1ldm]], [[6ldh]], [[8ldh]] – sdM4-LDH – spiny dogfish<BR />
**[[2ldx]] – C4-LDH - mouse<br />
**[[4m1q]] - BseL-LDH – ''Bacillus selenitireducens''<br />
**[[3pqe]] – BsL-LDH (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
**[[4lmr]], [[4ln1]] - LDH – ''Bacillus cereus''<br />
**[[3vpg]] – TcLDH – ''Thermus caldophilus''<br />
**[[3wsv]] – EmLDH – ''Enteroccocus mundtii''<br />
**[[4l4r]], [[4ojn]] – hLDH A chain – human<br />
**[[4uum]] – TvL-LDH – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
**[[4uul]] – TvL-LDH (mutant)<br />
**[[5hs4]] - PvL-LDH – ''Plasmodium vivax''<br />
**[[5k0z]] – LDH B chain – chicken<br />
 
*L-LDH from yeast (cytochrome b2)
 
**[[1kbj]] - LDH FMN-binding domain <br />
**[[1sze]], [[1lco]], [[2oz0]] -  LDH  FMN-binding domain (mutant) <br />
**[[1kbi]] - LDH FMN-binding domain + pyruvate<br />
**[[1szf]], [[1ldc]] - LDH  FMN-binding domain (mutant) + pyruvate<br />
**[[1szg]] - LDH FMN-binding domain + sulfo-FMN<br />
**[[3ks0]] - LDH residues 86-180 + flavocytochrome b2 heme domain + FAB B2B4
 
*''L-LDH binary complex''
 
**[[4b7u]] – PfL-LDH + bicine<BR />
**[[1cet]] - PfL-LDH + chloroquine<BR />
**[[1t2c]] - PfL-LDH + NAD<BR />
**[[3zh2]] - PfL-LDH + DNA aptamer<br />
**[[1ez4]] - L-LDH + NAD – ''Lactobacillus pentosus''<BR />
**[[1lld]], [[2ldb]] - GsL-LDH + NAD<BR />
**[[2a92]] – PvL-LDH + NAD  <BR />
**[[2a94]], [[2aa3]] - PvL-LDH + NAD-analog<br />
**[[5hru]], [[5hto]] - PvL-LDH + DNA<br />
**[[1u4o]], [[1u4s]], [[1u5a]], [[1xiv]] – PfL-LDH + inhibitor<BR />
**[[2xxb]] – TtL-LDH (mutant) + AMP<br />
**[[3pqf]] – BsL-LDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
**[[3vkv]] - LcLDH + fructose-bisphosphate<br />
**[[3vpf]] – LcLDH (mutant) + pyruvate<br />
**[[4aj1]], [[4aj2]], [[4aj4]], [[4aje]], [[4ajh]], [[4aji]], [[4ajj]], [[4ajk]], [[4ajl]], [[4ajn]], [[4ajo]], [[4al4]], [[5kkc]] – raL-LDH A chain + inhibitor – rat<br />
**[[5es3]] – raL-LDH + oxamate<br />
**[[5nqb]] – raL-LDH A chain (mutant) + malonate<br />
**[[4ajp]], [[4m49]], [[4qsm]], [[4qt0]] – hLDH A chain + inhibitor <br />
**[[4l4s]] – hLDH α chain + NAD <br />
**[[4i8x]], [[4i9h]], [[4i9n]], [[4i9u]] – rLDH A chain + pyridine derivative - rabbit<br />
**[[4uun]] – TvL-LDH + NAD<br />
 
*''L-LDH ternary complex with inhibitor''
 
**[[1u5c]] - PfL-LDH + inhibitor + NAD<BR />
**[[1t24]], [[1t25]], [[1t26]] - PfL-LDH + azole derivative + NAD<BR />
**[[1t2e]] - PfL-LDH (mutant) + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[1ldg]], [[4plz]] - PfL-LDH + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[1t2d]] - PfL-LDH + oxalate + NAD<BR />
**[[2xxj]] – TtL-LDH (mutant) + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[2v7p]] - TtL-LDH + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[3om9]], [[3czm]] – TgL-LDH + OXQ + NAD<BR />
**[[1sow]], [[1pzh]] - TgL-LDH + oxalate + NAD<BR />
**[[1pzf]] - TgL-LDH + oxalate + NAD-analog<br />
**[[1pzg]] - TgL-LDH + sulfate + NAD-analog<br />
**[[3h3f]] – rL-LDH A chain + oxamate + NAD <BR />
**[[5nqq]] - rL-LDH A chain + oxalacetate + NAD<br />
**[[4nd1]] - CpLDH + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[1t2f]] - hL-LDH B chain + azole derivative + NAD <BR />
**[[1i0z]] - hL-LDH H chain + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[1i10]] - hL-LDH M chain + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[4qo7]], [[4qo8]], [[4r68]], [[4r69]], [[4rls]], [[4zvv]], [[5ixs]], [[5ixy]] - hL-LDH A chain + inhibitor + NAD<br />
**[[3wsw]] – EmL-LDH + NAD + fructose diphosphate<br />
**[[1oc4]] – L-LDH + oxamate + NAD – ''Plasmodium berghei''<BR />
**[[1a5z]] - L-LDH + oxamate + NAD – ''Thermotoga maritim''a<BR />
**[[1lth]] - L-LDH + oxamate + NAD – ''Bifidobacterium longum''<BR />
**[[1ldn]] - GsL-LDH + oxamate + NAD<BR />
**[[9ldb]], [[9ldt]] - pL-LDH + oxamate + NAD – pig<br />
**[[4plc]], [[4plf]] – ApLDH + NAD + pyruvate - ''Apicomplexa''<br />
**[[4plg]] – ApLDH + NAD + oxamate <br />
**[[5a1t]] – TvL-LDH + NAD + oxamate<br />
 
*''L-LDH ternary complex with reactants''
 
**[[3h3j]] – SaL-LDH (mutant) + pyruvate + NAD<BR />
**[[3d4p]] - SaL-LDH + pyruvate + NAD<BR />
**[[2fn7]] - CpLDH + lactate + NAD<BR />
**[[4nd2]] - CpLDH + pyruvate + NAD-analog<br />
**[[4nd4]] - CpLDH + pyruvate + NAD<BR />
**[[5ldh]] - pLDH + citrate + NAD-analog<br />
**[[3ldh]] - sdLDH + pyruvate + NAD<BR />
**[[3pqd]] - BsLDH + fructose-bisphosphate + NAD
 
*L-LDH quaternary complex
 
**[[4jnk]] - hL-LDH A chain + inhibitor + lactate + NAD<br />
**[[4okn]] - hL-LDH A chain + katamycin+ oxalate + NAD<br />
**[[3vph]] - TcL-LDH + oxamate + NAD + fructose diphosphate<br />
 
*D-LDH
 
**[[3kb6]] – D-LDH + lactate + NAD – ''Aquifex aeolicus''<BR />
**[[1j49]] – LdD-LDH + sulfate + NAD – ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii''<BR />
**[[1j4a]] - LdD-LDH + sulfate<BR />
**[[1f0x]] – EcD-LDH + FAD – ''Escherichia coli''<BR />
**[[2dld]] - D-LDH + oxamate + NAD – ''Lactobacillus helveticus''<br />
**[[3wwy]] – D-LDH – ''Fusobacterium nucleatum''<br />
**[[3wwz]] – D-LDH – ''Peudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
**[[4xkj]] – D-LDH + NAD – ''Sporolactobacillus inulinus''<br />
 
*L-LDH II
 
**[[1x0a]], [[1vbi]] – TtL-LDH II


*L-Lactate/malate dehydrogenase
**[[1hye]], [[1hyg]] – L-LDH/MDH – ''Methanocaldococcus jannaschi''<br />
**[[2g8y]] - EcL-LDH/MDH
}}
==Additional Information==
==Additional Information==
For additional information, see [[Carbohydrate Metabolism]]<br />
For additional information, see [[Carbohydrate Metabolism]]<br />


==Reference==
==Reference==
 
*1- http://www.jbc.org/content/243/17/4526.full.pdf+html
*1- http://www.bioc.aecom.yu.edu/labs/calllab/highlights/LDH.htm
*2- http://www.cheric.org/ippage/e/ipdata/2004/05/file/e200405-701.pdf
*3- http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=ulnhp23038060m21&size=largest
*4- http://www.u676.org/Documents/Chretien-ClinChimActa-95.pdf
*5- http://www.jbc.org/content/243/17/4526.full.pdf+html


[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

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