Triose Phosphate Isomerase Structure & Mechanism: Difference between revisions

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==Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM)==
<StructureSection load='1hti' size='300' side='right' scene='' caption='Human triosephosphate isomerase complex with phosphoglycolic acid  [[1hti]]'>
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Triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)<ref>PMID:16511037</ref> (PDB [[1wyi]]) is a crucial enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.  <scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Nc_rainbow/1'>TIM</scene> reversibly converts the aldose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GASP) to the ketose Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).  The interconversion proceeds by an enediol intermediate.
[[Image:TriosePhosphateIsomerase_Ribbon_pastel_photo_small.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Ribbon drawing for one chain of the "TIM barrel" fold]]
<br />


==Structural Characteristics of TIM==
===General Information===
Triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)<ref>PMID:16511037</ref><ref>PMID:8061610</ref> (PDB [[1wyi]] and [[1hti]]) is a crucial enzyme in the glycolytic pathway.  <scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Nc_rainbow/1'>TIM</scene> reversibly converts the aldose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to the ketose Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).  The interconversion proceeds by an enediol intermediate.  Triose phosphate isomerase is not directly regulated, but the enzyme two steps before it in the glycolytic pathway, phosphofructokinase, is a heavily regulated, irreversible enzyme. 


Secondary Structure:  Alpha helices and Beta sheets
===Structural Characteristics===
Tertiary Structure: 
The secondary structure consists of 14 alpha helices and 8 beta sheets per monomer, making it fall in the SCOP category of alpha and beta proteins. The tertiary structure is a <scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Alpha_beta_barrel/2'>alpha-beta barrel</scene>, and it is the prototypical example of the "TIM barrel" fold (see ribbon drawing).
<scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Alpha_beta_barrel/1'>The tertiary structure is an alpha-beta barrel.</scene>Alpha/Beta barrel
The quaternary structure is a homodimer.  The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated at 57,400 Da.<ref name= "dab">PMID:752201</ref>
Quaternary Structure: Homodimer


===Mechanism===


The enzyme aids in catalysis by binding tightly to the enediol transition state.  To convert GAP to the enediol intermediate, a proton is abstracted from C2 by a base and the carbonyl oxygen atom is protonated by an acid.<ref name= "book">Voet, Donald, Judith G. Voet, and Charlotte W. Pratt. Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p. 495. Print.</ref> 
<scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Active_site/1'> Glu 165 acts as the base and grabs the C2 proton on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, while His 95 is H-bonded to the carbonyl oxygen and acts as the acid by protonating carbonyl oxygen.</scene>  The enediol intermediate is negatively charged, but is somewhat <scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Lysine/1'>stabilized by the positively charged side chain of Lys 12.</scene> <ref name= "lodi">PMID:8130193</ref>  Mutation of Lys 12 to Arg increases Km by a factor of 22 and decreases Vmax by a factor of 180.<ref name="lodi" /> To convert the enediol intermediate to DHAP, C1 is protonated by Glu 165, with His 95 removing a proton from C2’s OH group.  As a result, the catalytic groups are back to their original states, and catalysis is complete.  With GAP as a substrate, Km for the reaction is .34 mM and Vmax is 7200 units/mg protein at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5.<ref name= "dab" />


==Mechanism of TIM==
[[Image:ckrenkmechanism.jpg|left|thumb|400px| '''Mechanism of Triose phosphate isomerase'''. Created by Christian Krenk using Spartan 08.]]


The enzyme aids in catalysis by binding tightly to the enediol transition state.  To convert GAP to the enediol intermediate, a proton is abstracted from C2 by a base and the carbonyl oxygen atom is protonated by an acid.  TIM’s Glu 165 acts as the base and grabs GAP’s C2 proton, while His 95 is H-bonded to the carbonyl oxygen and acts as the acid by protonating carbonyl oxygen.  The enediol intermediate is negatively charged, but is somewhat stabilized by Lys 12’s positively charged side chain.  To convert the enediol intermediate to DHAP, C1 is protonated by Glu 165, with His 95 removing a proton from C2’s OH group.  As a result, the catalytic groups are back at their original states, and catalysis is completed.
An interesting part of the enzyme is the <scene name='Christian_Krenk_Sandbox/Flexible_loop/1'>flexible loop</scene> that stabilizes the enediol-like transition state.  The flexible loop (residues 167-176)<ref>PMID:2204418</ref> closes over the active site like a hinged lid when substrate is bound, thus preventing phosphate from leaving.  A four-residue segment of the loop H-bonds with the phosphate group of the substrate.<ref name="book" /> Without the loop, the enediol intermediate would eliminate phosphate, with the end products being inorganic phosphate and toxic methylglyoxal.<ref name="book" />


Replace the PDB id (use lowercase!) after the STRUCTURE_ and after PDB= to load
==3D structures of triose phosphate isomerase==
and display another structure.


{{STRUCTURE_1wyi |  PDB=1wyi  |  SCENE=  }}
[[Triose Phosphate Isomerase]]


{{STRUCTURE_1hti |  PDB=1hti  |  SCENE= }}
==Additional Resources==
 
For additional information, see: [[Carbohydrate Metabolism]]
==References==
<br />
</StructureSection>
===References===


<references/>
<references/>
7. Wierenga RK, Kapetaniou EG, Venkatesan R. Triosephosphate isomerase: a highly evolved biocatalyst. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2010 August 7 67:3961-3982. PMID: 20694739 <ref>PMID:20694739</ref>

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Christian Krenk, David Canner, Diamond B. Reese, Michal Harel, Jane S. Richardson, Alexander Berchansky
Retrieved from "https://proteopedia.openfox.io/w/Triose_Phosphate_Isomerase_Structure_%26_Mechanism"