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{{STRUCTURE_2nvh|  PDB=2nvh | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|  CAPTION=Human interleukin-1 β chain complex with sulfate, [[2nvh]] }}
<StructureSection load='2nvh' size='340' side='right' caption='Human interleukin-1 β chain complex with sulfate, [[2nvh]]' scene=''>


'''Interleukin''' (IL) is a cytokine which functions in the immune system.  IL deficiency results in autoimmune disease.  IL families are denoted by numbers.<br />
== Function ==
'''Interleukin''' (IL) is a cytokine which functions in the immune system.  IL families are denoted by numbers<ref>PMID:3277884</ref>.<br />
* '''IL-1''' is a group of 11 cytokines which regulate immune and inflammatory response.  See [[Interleukin-1 beta]].<br />
* '''IL-1''' is a group of 11 cytokines which regulate immune and inflammatory response.  See [[Interleukin-1 beta]].<br />
* '''IL-2''' is a cytokine made by leukocytes.  It is used in cancer therapy to boost the immune system.<br />
* '''IL-2''' is a cytokine made by leukocytes.  It is used in cancer therapy to boost the immune system.<br />
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* '''IL-4''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-4''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-5''' stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion.<br />
* '''IL-5''' stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion.<br />
* '''IL-6''' is both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory myokine.<br />
* '''IL-6''' is both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory myokine. Several studies have outlined the importance of autocrine IL-6 signaling in lung and breast cancers. For example, one group found a positive correlation between persistently activated tyrosine-phosphorylated [[Stepler sandbox STAT3|STAT3]] (pSTAT3), found in 50% of lung adenocarcinomas, and IL-6. Further investigation revealed that mutant [[EGFR]] could activate the oncogenic STAT3 pathway via upregulated IL-6 autocrine signaling.
* '''IL-7''' is a cytokine important for B and T cells development.<br />
* '''IL-7''' is a cytokine important for B and T cells development.<br />
* '''IL-8''' induces chemotaxis and phagocytosis.<br />
* '''IL-8''' induces chemotaxis and phagocytosis.<br />
* '''IL-10''' see [[Interleukin-10]].<br />
* '''IL-10''' see [[Interleukin-10]] and [[Inflammation & Rheumatoid Arthritis]].<br />
* '''IL-11''' involved in the stimulation of megakaryocyte maturation.<br />
* '''IL-11''' involved in the stimulation of megakaryocyte maturation.<br />
* ''' IL-12''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th1 cells.<br />
* ''' IL-12''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th1 cells.  See [[Interleukin-12]].<br />
* '''IL-13''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-13''' induces the differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0) to Th2 cells.<br />
* '''IL-15''' see [[Interleukin-15]].<br />
* '''IL-15''' see [[Interleukin-15]].<br />
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* '''IL-22''' stimulates inflammatory responses like S100 and defensin.<br />
* '''IL-22''' stimulates inflammatory responses like S100 and defensin.<br />
* ''' IL-23''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT4.<br />
* ''' IL-23''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT4.<br />
* ''' IL-24''' induces activation of the signal transducer and activator of STAT1 and STAT3.<br />
* '''IL-28''' has a role in the immune defense against viruses.<br />
* '''IL-28''' has a role in the immune defense against viruses.<br />
* '''IL-29''' similar to IL-28.<br />
* '''IL-29''' similar to IL-28.<br />
* '''IL-33''' induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines.<br />
* '''IL-33''' induces helper T cells, mast cells, eosinophils and basophils to produce type 2 cytokines.<br />
* '''IL-34''' increases growth or survival of monocytes.<br />
* '''IL-34''' increases growth or survival of monocytes.<br />
* '''IL-36'''  acts on naïve CD4+ T cells.
* '''IL-36'''  acts on naïve CD4+ T cells.<br />
* ''' IL-37''' has a role in inhibiting both innate and adaptive immune responses.<br />
See also [[Growth factors]]
== Relevance ==
Uncontrolled activation of IL-1 is a component of of some inflammatory diseases including gout<ref>PMID:26656658</ref>.<br />
IL-8 is implicated in inflammatory lung diseases<ref>PMID:14720072</ref>.<br />
IL-10 is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease<ref>PMID:22890722</ref>.<br />
IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent<ref>PMID:22428854</ref>.<br />
IL-23 is implicated in Crohn's disease<ref>PMID:24481050</ref>.<br />
 
== Disease ==
IL deficiency results in autoimmune disease<ref>PMID:19494218</ref>.


==3D structures of interleukin==
==3D structures of interleukin==
[[Interleukin 3D structures]]


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
</StructureSection>
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
*IL-1 α
 
**[[2ila]] - hIL-1 α - human<BR />
**[[2kki]] - hIL-1 α residues 121-271 <BR />
**[[2l5x]] – hIL-1 α residues 121-271 + calcium-binding protein A13 – NMR<BR />
 
*IL-1 β
 
**[[2wry]] - cIL-1 β – chicken<BR />
**[[3nj5]] – cIL-1 β (mutant) <BR />
**[[2nvh]], [[9ilb]], [[1iob]], [[5i1b]], [[2i1b]], [[4i1b]], [[1i1b]] - hIL-1 β
**[[1tp0]], [[1t4q]], [[1too]], [[1twe]], [[1twm]], [[1s0l]], [[1l2h]], [[1hib]], [[21bi]], [[31bi]], [[41bi]] - hIL-1 β (mutant) <BR />
**[[6i1b]], [[7i1b]] - hIL-1 β - NMR<BR />
**[[3ltq]] - hIL-1 β residues 117-269 <BR />
**[[3pok]] - hIL-1 β residues 117-269 (mutant) <BR />
**[[1itb]] - hIL-1 β + IL-1 receptor 1 extracellular domain<BR />
**[[3o4o]] - hIL-1 β + IL-1 receptor 2 + IL-1 receptor accessory protein<BR />
**[[4dep]] - hIL-1 β + IL-1 receptor 1 + IL-1 receptor accessory protein<BR />
**[[4g6j]], [[4g6m]] - hIL-1 β + antibody<br />
**[[2kh2]] - hIL-1 β + SCFV - NMR<BR />
**[[1md6]] – mIL-1F5 – mouse<BR />
**[[2mib]], [[8i1b]] - mIL-1 β
 
*IL-2 (T-cell growth factor)
 
**[[1m47]], [[1m4c]], [[3ink]] – hIL-2<BR />
**[[3qb1]] - hIL-2 (mutant)<br />
**[[1irl]] – hIL-2 (mutant) - NMR<BR />
**[[2erj]], [[2b5i]] - hIL-2 + IL-2 receptor α and β + cytokine receptor common γ<BR />
**[[1z92]] - hIL-2 + IL-2 receptor α<BR />
**[[3qaz]] - hIL-2 + IL-2 receptor β and γ<BR />
**[[1qvn]], [[1nbp]], [[1m4a]], [[1m4b]] – hIL-2 (mutant) + inhibitor<BR />
**[[1pw6]], [[1py2]], [[1m48]], [[1m49]] – hIL-2 + inhibitor<BR />
**[[4nej]], [[4nem]] – hIL-2 + methylfuran carboxylate derivative<BR />
 
*IL-3
 
**[[1jli]] – hIL-3 (mutant) – NMR<BR />
**[[2l3o]] – mIL-3 residues 33-156 (mutant) - NMR
 
*IL-4
 
**[[2b8u]], [[1hik]], [[2int]], [[1rcb]] – hIL-4<BR />
**[[2cyk]], [[1cyl]], [[1itm]], [[1bbn]], [[1bcn]], [[1iti]], [[1itl]] – hIL-4 - NMR<BR />
**[[2b8x]], [[2b8y]], [[2b8z]], [[2b90]], [[2b91]], [[2d48]], [[1hzi]], [[1hij]] - hIL-4 (mutant) <BR />
**[[1iar]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
**[[3bpl]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α + cytokine receptor common γ<BR />
**[[3qb7]] - hIL-4 + cytokine receptor common γ<BR />
**[[4ydy]] – hIL-4 + darpin<BR />
**[[3bpn]] - hIL-4 + IL-4 receptor α + IL-13 receptor α
 
*IL-5
 
**[[1hul]] – hIL-5<BR />
**[[3b5k]] – mIL-5<br />
**[[3qt2]] - hIL-5 + IL-5 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
**[[3va2]] - hIL-5 + IL-5 receptor α  <BR />
 
*IL-6
 
**[[1alu]] – hIL-6<BR />
**[[2l3y]] - mIL-6 residues 27-211 - NMR<br />
**[[1il6]], [[2il6]] – hIL-6 - NMR<BR />
**[[1p9m]] - hIL-6 + IL-6 receptor α and β<br />
**[[1i16]] – IL-6 + IL-6 receptor β - Herpesvirus 8<br />
**[[4j4l]] – hIL-6 + internalin B<BR />
**[[4ni7]], [[4ni9]] – hIL-6 + nucleotide aptamer<BR />
**[[4cni]], [[4o9h]] – hIL-6 + antibody<BR />
 
*IL-7
 
**[[3di2]], [[3di3]] - hIL-7 residues 26-177 + IL-7 receptor α ectodomain
 
*IL-8
 
**[[3il8]] – hIL-8<BR />
**[[1il8]], [[2il8]] – hIL-8]- NMR<BR />
**[[1qe6]], [[1icw]] – hIL-8 (mutant) <BR />
**[[1ikl]], [[1ikm]] - hIL-8 (mutant) - NMR<BR />
**[[1rod]] - hIL-8/melanoma growth stimulating protein – NMR<br />
**[[1ilp]], [[1ilq]] - hIL-8 + IL-8 receptor peptide
 
*IL-10
 
**[[2h24]], [[1inr]], [[2ilk]], [[1ilk]] – hIL-10<BR />
**[[4x51]] – mIL-10<BR />
**[[1j7v]] – hIL-10 + IL-10 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
**[[1y6k]] - hIL-10 residues 19-178 + IL-10 receptor α
 
*IL-10 viral
 
**[[1vlk]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 - human herpesvirus 4<BR />
**[[1y6m]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 + IL-10 receptor α <BR />
**[[1y6n]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-170 (mutant) + IL-10 receptor α <BR />
**[[1lqs]] - hvIL-10 residues 20-176 + IL-10 receptor α - human herpesvirus 5<BR />
**[[1lk3]] - hvIL-10 residues 26-175 + antibody
 
*IL-11
 
**[[4mhl]] - hIL-11<br />
 
*IL-12
 
**[[1f45]] - hIL-12 α and β (mutant) <BR />
**[[1f42]] - hIL-12 β P40 domain<BR />
**[[3hmx]] - hIL-12 α and β+ antibody<br />
**[[4oe8]], [[4og9]] - hIL-12 β + hIL-23 α + alphabody MB3<br />
**[[3qwr]] - hIL-12 β + hIL- 23 α + adnectin
 
*IL-13
 
**[[1ijz]], [[1ik0]] – hIL-13 – NMR<BR />
**[[1ga3]] - hIL-13 residues 21-132 - NMR<BR />
**[[3l5w]], [[3l5x]], [[3l5y]], [[3g6d]], [[4i77]], [[4ps4]] - hIL-13 residues 35-146 + antibody<BR />
**[[3lb6]] - hIL-13 + IL-13 receptor α2<BR />
**[[3bpo]] - hIL-13 + IL-4 receptor α + IL-13 receptor α
 
*IL-15
 
**[[2xqb]] – hIL-15 + antibody<BR />
**[[2psm]], [[2z3q]], [[2z3r]] - hIL-15 + IL-15 receptor α<br />
**[[4gs7]] - hIL-15 + IL-15 receptor α + IL-2 receptor β,γ <br />
 
*IL-16
 
**[[1i16]] – hIL-16 - NMR<BR />
**[[1x6d]] – hIL-16 PDZ domain – NMR<BR />
 
*IL-17
 
**[[4hr9]] - hIL-17A (mutant)<br />
**[[4hsa]] - hIL-17A (mutant) + IL-17A receptor α <br />
**[[2vxs]] - hIL-17A residues 20-255 + antibody<BR />
**[[1jpy]] – hIL-17F<BR />
**[[3jvf]] - hIL-17F + IL-17 receptor α
 
*IL-18 (Interferon-γ inducing factor)
 
**[[3wo2]] – hIL-18 <BR />
**[[1j0s]] – hIL-18 - NMR<BR />
**[[4hjj]] - hIL-18 + antibody<br />
**[[2vxt]] - hIL-18 (mutant) + antibody<BR />
**[[3f62]] - hIL-18 residues 37-193 (mutant) + IL-18 binding protein<br />
**[[4eee]], [[4ekx]] - hIL-18 (mutant) + 14L protein<br />
**[[3wo3]], [[4r6u]] - hIL-18 + IL-18 receptor<br />
**[[3wo4]] - hIL-18 + IL-18 receptor + IL-18 receptor accessory protein<br />
 
*IL-19
 
**[[1n1f]] – hIL-19
 
*IL-20
 
**[[4doh]] - hIL-20 + IL-20 receptor α,β <BR />
 
*IL-21
 
**[[2oqp]]– hIL-21 – NMR<BR />
**[[3tgx]] - hIL-21 + IL-21 receptor α (mutant) <BR />
 
*IL-22
 
**[[1ykb]], [[1m4r]] – hIL-22<BR />
**[[4ok6]] – IL-22 – zebra fish<BR />
**[[3g9v]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 + IL-22 receptor α2<BR />
**[[3dlq]], [[3dgc]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 (mutant) + IL-22 receptor α1<br />
**[[3q1s]] - hIL-22 residues 29-179 (mutant) + antibody
 
*IL-23
 
**[[3d87]] - hIL-23 α<BR />
**[[3d85]] - hIL-23 α + antibody<BR />
**[[4grw]] - hIL-23 α + + hIL-12 β + nanobody<BR />
**[[3duh]] - hIL-23 α + hIL-12 β
 
*IL-28
 
**[[3hhc]] – hIL-28B
 
*IL-29
 
**[[3og4]], [[3og6]] – hIL-29 + IL-28 receptor α
 
*IL-33
 
**[[2kll]] - hIL-33 residues 110-270 - NMR<BR />
 
*IL-34
 
**[[4dkc]] - hIL-34<br />
**[[4exn]] - mIL-34<br />
**[[4dkd]] - hIL-34 active core + macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor<br />
**[[4exp]] - mIL-34 active core + macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor<br />
**[[4dke]], [[4dkf]] - hIL-34 active core + antibody
 
*IL-36
 
**[[4ize]] - hIL-36 γ<br />


}}
== References ==
<references/>
[[Category: Topic Page]]
[[Category: Topic Page]]

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Alexander Berchansky
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