Carbohydrates II: Difference between revisions

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<StructureSection load='' size='800' side='right' caption='Carbohydrates' scene='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>
<StructureSection load='' size='450' side='right' caption='Carbohydrates' scene='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>
[[es:Carbohydrates II (Spanish)]]
==Monosaccharides==
==Monosaccharides==
<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>D-gliceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure
::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>D-glyceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure


<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/2'>L-gliceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure.
::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/2'>L-glyceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure.


<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/3'>Mirror images from each other</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/3'>Mirror images of each other</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Glucosa/1'>D-glucose</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosa/1'>D-glucose</scene>


<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/10'>carbon C1 and C5 approach</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/10'>carbon C1 and C5 approach</scene>


<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/13'>Pyranose ring</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/13'>Pyranose ring</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/9'>α-D-glucopyranose</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/9'>α-D-glucopyranose</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Fructofuranosa/1'>β-D-fructofuranose</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Fructofuranosa/1'>β-D-fructofuranose</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Glucosamina/1'>D-glucosamine</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosamina/1'>D-glucosamine</scene>


==Disaccharides==
==Disaccharides==


<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/1'>2 molecules of  glucose approach</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/1'>2 glucose molecules approach</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/3'> 1 water molecule is losed</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/3'> 1 water molecule is lost</scene>


<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico2/2'>a glycosidic bon is formed</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico2/2'>a glycosidic bond is formed</scene>.


<scene name='60/603296/Maltosa/1'>maltosa</scene> shows a α-glycosidic bond
::<scene name='60/603296/Maltosa/1'>Maltose</scene> shows a α-glycosidic bond


<scene name='60/603296/Celobiosa/1'>Cellobiose</scene> shows a β-glycosidic bond, like <scene name='60/603296/Sacarosa/1'>sucrose</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Celobiosa/1'>Cellobiose</scene> shows a β-glycosidic bond, like <scene name='60/603296/Sacarosa/1'>sucrose</scene>.


==Polysaccharides==
==Polysaccharides==
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/3'>Maltose (2 residues of glucose)</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/3'>Maltose (2 residues of glucose)</scene>


::We add a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/4'>3th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/5'>4th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/6'>5th</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/7'>6th</scene> residues.
::We add a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/4'>3rd</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/5'>4th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/6'>5th</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/7'>6th</scene> residues.


::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/8'>Activate rotation</scene> to observe helical structure
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/8'>Activate rotation</scene> to observe helical structure
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/9'>Zoom out</scene> and adition of more residues of glucose to reach <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/10'>30 residues</scene> molecule
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/9'>Zoom out</scene> and addition of more glucose residues to reach a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/10'>30 residues</scene> molecule
::Look from a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/11'>polar view</scene>.
::Look from a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/11'>polar view</scene>.
**'''Amylopectin'''.-
**'''Amylopectin'''.-
::A fragment of ''amylopectin'' including <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/1'>5 residues of glucose</scene>.
::A fragment of ''amylopectin'' including <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/1'>5 glucose residues</scene>.


::Zoom in to show a <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/5'>Branch point</scene>
::Zoom in to show a <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/5'>Branch point</scene>
Line 48: Line 49:
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/10'>4 residues at branch point</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/10'>4 residues at branch point</scene>.


By adding to <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/12'>initial structure</scene> otros 25 restos de glucosa podemos apreciar la estructura de una porción mayor de la molécula de <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina2/1'>amilopectina</scene>. Si nos <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/13'>alejamos</scene> un poco más podemos comprobar que los puntos de ramificación se encuentran espaciados entre sí por entre 24 y 30 residuos de glucosa
::By adding to <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/12'>initial structure</scene> 25 glucose residues we get a <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina2/1'>30 residues amylopectin fragment</scene>.
*<scene name='60/603296/Glucogeno/1'>Glycogen</scene>.- Es un polisacárido con función de reserva característico de las células animales. Su estructura es muy similar a la de la ''amilopectina''. La diferencia reside en que los puntos de ramificación se encuentran más próximos entre sí (cada 8-12 residuos de glucosa en lugar de los 24-30 de la ''amilopectina''.
 
*'''Cellulose'''.- Es un polímero lineal formado por por unidades de ''β-D-glucosa'' unidas por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4). Para comprender mejor su estructura partiremos de una molécula de ''celobiosa'' formada por <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/1'>2 residuos de glucosa</scene> unidas por un enlace glucosídico β(1->4). Ahora nos <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/2'>alejamos</scene> y añadimos un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/3'>tercer</scene> residuo de glucosa, un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/4'>cuarto</scene>, un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/5'>quinto</scene> y un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/6'>sexto</scene>. Apreciamos en este tramo de la molécula de ''cellulose'' presenta un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/7'>arrollamiento helicoidal</scene> aunque mucho más extendido (o con un ''paso de rosca'' mucho mayor) que el que presenta la ''amilosa''. Esta diferencia estriba en la configuración de los enlaces glucosídicos α y β que presentan respectivamente uno y otro polímero. La configuración helicoidal extendida se puede apreciar mejor si de nuevo nos <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/8'>alejamos</scene> y añadimos nuevos residuos hasta completar un tramo de la molécula de ''celulosa'' de <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/9'>30 residuos de longitud</scene>. En una <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/10'>visión polar</scene> también se aprecia el menor diámetro de la hélice en comparación con la de la ''amilosa''
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/13'>Zoom out</scene> to show that branch points are spaced by 24-30 glucose residues.
*<scene name='60/603296/Quitina/6'>Chitin</scene>.- Es un polímero lineal formado por por unidades de <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamina</scene> unidas por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4). En este tramo de <scene name='60/603296/chitin/2'>3 residuos</scene> podemos apreciar con mayor detalle la estructura de la ''quitina'', por otra parte muy similar a la de la ''celulosa'', dado que ambas comparten el enlace glucosídico tipo β.
 
*<scene name='60/603296/Hialuron/2'>Hyaluronic acid</scene>.- Es un ''heteropolisacárido'' formado por residuos alternos de <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamine</scene> y de <scene name='60/603296/Glucuronico/1'>glucuronic acid</scene> unidos por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4).
*<scene name='60/603296/Glucogeno/1'>Glycogen</scene>.- Structure like ''amylopectin'' but with branch points spaced by 8-12 glucose residues.
 
*'''Cellulose'''.-
 
::See [[cellulose]].
 
*<scene name='60/603296/Quitina/6'>Chitin</scene>.- A polymer of <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamina</scene>.
::A <scene name='60/603296/chitin/2'>3 residues</scene> chitin fragment.
*<scene name='60/603296/Hialuron/2'>Hyaluronic acid</scene>.- ''Heteropolysaccharide'' with alternating residues of <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamine</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Glucuronico/1'>glucuronic acid</scene>  
 
== Files for 3D printer ==
<i class="fas fa-cubes"></i> Alpha-amylase with flexible amylopectin by [[User:Marius Mihasan|Marius Mihasan]] [https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3DPX-016354 <i class="fas fa-download"></i>]


</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
== References ==
== References ==
*Molecular models in this page were created or modified from [[PDB files]] by [[User:Alejandro Porto|Alejandro Porto]] using the tool JSME Molecular Editor [http://biomodel.uah.es/en/DIY/JSME/draw.es.htm]
<references/>
[[Category:3D printer files]]

Latest revision as of 00:11, 15 November 2021

Monosaccharides

molecular structure
molecular structure.
.
.
.
.

Disaccharides

.
.
shows a α-glycosidic bond
shows a β-glycosidic bond, like .

Polysaccharides

  • Starch
    • Amylose
We add a , , and residues.
to observe helical structure
and addition of more glucose residues to reach a molecule
Look from a .
    • Amylopectin.-
A fragment of amylopectin including .
Zoom in to show a
.
By adding to 25 glucose residues we get a .
to show that branch points are spaced by 24-30 glucose residues.
  • .- Structure like amylopectin but with branch points spaced by 8-12 glucose residues.
  • Cellulose.-
See cellulose.
  • .- A polymer of .
A chitin fragment.
  • .- Heteropolysaccharide with alternating residues of and

Files for 3D printer

Alpha-amylase with flexible amylopectin by Marius Mihasan


Carbohydrates

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

ReferencesReferences

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alejandro Porto, Karsten Theis, Jaime Prilusky
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