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[[Image:1ert.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin [[1ert]]]]
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human thioredoxin (PDB entry [[1ert]])' scene='43/430885/Cv/2'>
{{STRUCTURE_3kd0|  PDB=3kd0  | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=Thioredoxin complex with Cd+2 (yellow) and Cl- (green) ions, [[3kd0]] }}


 
== Function ==
 
[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form,  the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange<ref>PMID:3152490</ref>.  They contain a CXXC motif.<br />
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange.  They contain a CXXC motif.<br />
* '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br />
* '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br />
*  '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br />
*  '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br />
In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes.  
* '''Trx C,M,X,Y''' are found in prokaryotes.<br />
*  '''Trx F,H,O''' are found in eukaryotes.<br />


== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==


Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
== Relevance ==
{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis<ref>PMID:12480557</ref>.


*Thioredoxin
== Disease ==
Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more<ref>PMID:15990177</ref>.


**[[3e3e]], [[2hsh]], [[1aiu]], [[1erv]], [[1erw]], [[3m9j]], [[3m9k]], [[4oo4]] – hTrx (mutant) – human<br />
== Structural highlights ==
**[[3kd0]] - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl2<br />
The <scene name='43/430885/Cv/4'>active site motif Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys</scene> is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins<ref>PMID:8805557</ref>
**[[1cqg]], [[1cqh]] - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR<br />
**[[1mdi]], [[1mdj]], [[1mdk]] - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR<br />
**[[2hxk]], [[2ifq]], [[2iiy]] – hTrx S-nitroso<br />
**[[4oo5]] - hTrx S-nitroso (mutant)<br />
**[[1auc]], [[1ert]], [[1eru]], [[1trs]], [[1tru]], [[1trv]], [[1trw]], [[3trx]], [[4trx]] - hTrx<br />
**[[3hxs]] – BfTrx fragment – ''Bacteroides fragilis''<br />
**[[3hyp]] - BfrxI fragment (mutant)<br />
**[[3hz4]] – Trx – ''Methanosarcina mazei''<br />
**[[2k9f]] - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – ''Neisseria meningitides'' – NMR<br />
**[[3die]] – SaTrx (mutant) – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
**[[2voc]] - BsTrx (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
**[[2gzy]], [[2gzz]] – BsTrx – NMR<br />
**[[2ipa]] – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR<br />
**[[2h6x]], [[2trx]], [[1srx]] – EcTrx<br />
**[[1xoa]], [[1xob]] – EcTrx - NMR<br />
**[[1m7t]] – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR<br />
**[[3dxb]] – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal<br />
**[[3emx]] – Trx – ''Aeropyrum pernix''<br />
**[[2vim]] – Trx – ''Fasciola hepatica''<br />
**[[2yzu]], [[2cvk]], [[1v98]] – TtTrx – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
**[[2lst]] – TtTrx - NMR<br />
**[[2e0q]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Sulfolobus tokodaii''<br />
**[[2o7k]] – SaTrx<br />
**[[2o85]], [[2o87]], [[2o89]] – SaTrx (mutant)<br />
**[[2i4a]] – Trx – ''Acetobacter aceti''<br />
**[[2j23]] – Trx – ''Malassezia sympodialis''<br />
**[[2f51]] – Trx – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
**[[1t00]] – Trx – ''Streptomyces coelicolor''<br />
**[[1xw9]], [[1xwa]], [[1xwb]], [[1xwc]] – Trx – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
**[[1rqm]], [[1nsw]], [[1nw2]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
**[[1syr]] – PfTrx – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
**[[1r26]] – Trx – ''Trypanosoma brucei brucei''<br />
**[[1gl8]] – Trx – spinach - NMR<br />
**[[1fo5]] – Trx – ''Methanocaldococcus janaschii'' – NMR<br />
**[[1quw]] – Trx – ''Bacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
**[[2l5l]] – Trx – ''Bacteroides vulgatus'' – NMR<br />
**[[2tir]], [[4hua]], [[4hu9]], [[4hu7]] - EcTrx (mutant) – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
**[[2xbi]] – SmTrx – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
**[[2xbq]], [[2xc2]] – SmTrx (mutant)<br />
**[[4i8b]] - Trx – ''Schistosoma japonicum''<br />
**[[3zzx]], [[4aj8]], [[4aj7]], [[4aj6]] – Trx – ''Litopenaeus vannamei''<br />
**[[4fyu]] – Trx – ''Wuchereria bancrofti''<br />
**[[4knd]] – Trx – ''Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans''<br />
**[[3vfi]] – Trx – Silicabacter phage dss3ϕ2<br />
**[[3zij]] – BcTrx – ''Bacillus cereus''<br />
**[[3zit]] - BcTrx (mutant)<br />
**[[2k8s]] – Trx – ''Nitrosomonas europaea'' - NMR<br />
**[[2l6c]], [[2l6d]] – Trx – ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' - NMR<br />
**[[2yj7]], [[2yn1]], [[2yoi]], [[2ypm]], [[3ziv]], [[4ba7]] – ancestral Trx – synthetic<br />
**[[4pob]] – Trx – ''Mycobacterium abscessus''<br />


*Thioredoxin 1
== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
 
[[Thioredoxin 3D structures]]
**[[3f3q]], [[2i9h]] – yTrx-1 – yeast<br />
**[[3f3r]] – yTrx-1 (mutant)<br />
**[[3dyr]], [[2h6y]], [[2h6z]], [[2h70]], [[2h71]], [[2h72]], [[2h73]], [[2h74]], [[2h75]], [[2h76]], [[2fch]], [[2fd3]], [[1keb]], [[2eio]], [[2eiq]], [[2eir]], [[1zcp]], [[1zzy]], [[1txx]], [[1tho]] – EcTrx-1 (mutant) <br />
**[[1f6m]] – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+<br />
**[[2o8v]] - EcTrx-1 (mutant) + PAPS reductase<br />
**[[2ajq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7<br />
**[[1zyq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP<br />
**[[1x9m]], [[1x9s]], [[1x9w]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA<br />
**[[1t8e]] – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP<br />
**[[1tk0]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
**[[1tk5]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
**[[1tk8]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
**[[1tkd]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
**[[1skr]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP<br />
**[[1sks]], [[1skw]], [[1sl0]], [[1sl1]], [[1sl2]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine<br />
**[[1t7p]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP<br />
**[[2bto]] – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – ''Prosthecobacter dejongeii''<br />
**[[1oaz]] – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat<br />
**[[3tco]] - SsTrx-1 fragment – ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''<br />
**[[4j57]], [[4j56]] – PfTrx-1 + Trx reductase (mutant)<br />
**[[3zl5]] – SmTrx-1 (mutant)<br />
 
*Thioredoxin 2
 
**[[1w4v]], [[1w89]], [[1uvz]] – hTrx-2 <br />
**[[3hhv]] – SsTrx-2 fragment <br />
**[[2fa4]] – yTrx-2<br />
**[[2hsy]] – yTrx-2 - NMR<br />
**[[3pin]] - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase<br />
**[[4dss]] – yTrx-2 + peroxiredoxin-2<br />
**[[2ppt]] – Trx-2 – ''Rhodobacter capsulatus''<br />
**[[1thx]] – Trx-2 – Anabaena<br />
**[[3ul3]] – PfTrx-2
 
*Thioredoxin 3
 
**[[2oe0]], [[2oe1]], [[2oe3]] – yTrx-3
 
*Thioredoxin C
 
**[[2i1u]] – MtTrx C – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
**[[2l4q]], [[2l59]] – MtTrx C - NMR<br />
**[[3nof]] – MtTrx (mutant)<br />
**[[3o6t]] – MtTrx (mutant)+quinol
 
*Thioredoxin F
 
**[[2pu9]] – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis<br />
**[[2pvo]] - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1<br />
**[[1f9m]] – sTrx F – spinach<br />
**[[1faa]] - sTrx F (mutant)
 
*Thioredoxin H
 
**[[3d21]] – pTrx H – poplar<br />
**[[3d22]] - pTrx H (mutant)<br />
**[[1ti3]] - pTrx H - NMR<br />
**[[2vlt]], [[2vlu]], [[2vlv]], [[2vm1]], [[2vm2]] - bTrx H – barley<br />
**[[2iwt]] - bTrx H+α-amylase subtilisin inhibitor<br />
**[[1wmj]] – Trx H – ''Oryza sativa'' – NMR<br />
**[[1xfl]] – Trx H – ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' - NMR<br />
**[[1ep7]] – CrTrx H – ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''<br />
**[[1ep8]] - CrTrx H (mutant)<br />
**[[1tof]] - CrTrx H - NMR


*Thioredoxin M
</StructureSection>


**[[2puk]] - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase<br />
== References ==
**[[1fb0]], [[1fb6]] - sTrx M<br />
<references/>
**[[1dby]] – CrTrx M – NMR<br />
}}
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

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Alexander Berchansky, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman
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