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| [[Image:1ert.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin [[1ert]]]]
| | <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human thioredoxin (PDB entry [[1ert]])' scene='43/430885/Cv/2'> |
| {{STRUCTURE_3kd0| PDB=3kd0 | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=Thioredoxin complex with Cd+2 (yellow) and Cl- (green) ions, [[3kd0]] }}
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| | == Function == |
| | [[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange<ref>PMID:3152490</ref>. They contain a CXXC motif.<br /> |
| | * '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br /> |
| | * '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br /> |
| | * '''Trx C,M,X,Y''' are found in prokaryotes.<br /> |
| | * '''Trx F,H,O''' are found in eukaryotes.<br /> |
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| | == Relevance == |
| | Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis<ref>PMID:12480557</ref>. |
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| | == Disease == |
| | Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more<ref>PMID:15990177</ref>. |
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| | | == Structural highlights == |
| | | The <scene name='43/430885/Cv/4'>active site motif Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys</scene> is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins<ref>PMID:8805557</ref> |
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| [[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein. Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific. In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin ([[1ert]]).
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| {{TOC limit|limit=2}}
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| == 3D Structures of Thioredoxin == | | == 3D Structures of Thioredoxin == |
| | [[Thioredoxin 3D structures]] |
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| Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
| | </StructureSection> |
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| === Trx ===
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| [[3e3e]], [[2hsh]], [[1aiu]], [[1erv]], [[1erw]], [[3m9j]], [[3m9k]], [[4oo4]] – hTrx (mutant) – human<br />
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| [[3kd0]] - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl2<br />
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| [[1cqg]], [[1cqh]] - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR<br />
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| [[1mdi]], [[1mdj]], [[1mdk]] - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR<br />
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| [[2hxk]], [[2ifq]], [[2iiy]] – hTrx S-nitroso<br />
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| [[4oo5]] - hTrx S-nitroso (mutant)<br />
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| [[1auc]], [[1ert]], [[1eru]], [[1trs]], [[1tru]], [[1trv]], [[1trw]], [[3trx]], [[4trx]] - hTrx<br />
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| [[3hxs]] – BfTrx fragment – ''Bacteroides fragilis''<br />
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| [[3hyp]] - BfrxI fragment (mutant)<br />
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| [[3hz4]] – Trx – ''Methanosarcina mazei''<br />
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| [[2k9f]] - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – ''Neisseria meningitides'' – NMR<br />
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| [[3die]] – SaTrx (mutant) – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
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| [[2voc]] - BsTrx (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
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| [[2gzy]], [[2gzz]] – BsTrx – NMR<br />
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| [[2ipa]] – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR<br />
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| [[2h6x]], [[2trx]], [[1srx]] – EcTrx<br />
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| [[1xoa]], [[1xob]] – EcTrx - NMR<br />
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| [[1m7t]] – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR<br />
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| [[3dxb]] – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal<br />
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| [[3emx]] – Trx – ''Aeropyrum pernix''<br />
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| [[2vim]] – Trx – ''Fasciola hepatica''<br />
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| [[2yzu]], [[2cvk]], [[1v98]] – TtTrx – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
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| [[2lst]] – TtTrx - NMR<br />
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| [[2e0q]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Sulfolobus tokodaii''<br />
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| [[2o7k]] – SaTrx<br />
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| [[2o85]], [[2o87]], [[2o89]] – SaTrx (mutant)<br />
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| [[2i4a]] – Trx – ''Acetobacter aceti''<br />
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| [[2j23]] – Trx – ''Malassezia sympodialis''<br />
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| [[2f51]] – Trx – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
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| [[1t00]] – Trx – ''Streptomyces coelicolor''<br />
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| [[1xw9]], [[1xwa]], [[1xwb]], [[1xwc]] – Trx – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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| [[1rqm]], [[1nsw]], [[1nw2]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
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| [[1syr]] – PfTrx – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
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| [[1r26]] – Trx – ''Trypanosoma brucei brucei''<br />
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| [[1gl8]] – Trx – spinach- NMR<br />
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| [[1fo5]] – Trx – ''Methanocaldococcus janaschii'' – NMR<br />
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| [[1quw]] – Trx – ''Bacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
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| [[2l5l]] – Trx – ''Bacteroides vulgatus'' – NMR<br />
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| [[2tir]], [[4hua]], [[4hu9]], [[4hu7]] - EcTrx (mutant) – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
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| [[2xbi]] – SmTrx – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
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| [[2xbq]], [[2xc2]] – SmTrx (mutant)<br />
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| [[4i8b]] - Trx – ''Schistosoma japonicum''<br />
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| [[3zzx]], [[4aj8]], [[4aj7]], [[4aj6]] – Trx – ''Litopenaeus vannamei''<br />
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| [[4fyu]] – Trx – ''Wuchereria bancrofti''<br />
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| [[4knd]] – Trx – ''Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans''<br />
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| [[3vfi]] – Trx – Silicabacter phage dss3ϕ2<br />
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| [[3zij]] – BcTrx – ''Bacillus cereus''<br />
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| [[3zit]] - BcTrx (mutant)<br />
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| [[2k8s]] – Trx – ''Nitrosomonas europaea'' - NMR<br />
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| [[2l6c]], [[2l6d]] – Trx – ''Desulfovibrio vulgaris'' - NMR<br />
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| [[2yj7]], [[2yn1]], [[2yoi]], [[2ypm]], [[3ziv]], [[4ba7]] – ancestral Trx – synthetic<br />
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| [[4pob]] – Trx – ''Mycobacterium abscessus''<br />
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| === Trx-1 ===
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| [[3f3q]], [[2i9h]] – yTrx-1 – yeast<br />
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| [[3f3r]] – yTrx-1 (mutant)<br />
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| [[3dyr]], [[2h6y]], [[2h6z]], [[2h70]], [[2h71]], [[2h72]], [[2h73]], [[2h74]], [[2h75]], [[2h76]], [[2fch]], [[2fd3]], [[1keb]], [[2eio]], [[2eiq]], [[2eir]], [[1zcp]], [[1zzy]], [[1txx]], [[1tho]] – EcTrx-1 (mutant) <br />
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| [[1f6m]] – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+<br />
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| [[2o8v]] - EcTrx-1 (mutant) + PAPS reductase<br />
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| [[2ajq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7<br />
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| [[1zyq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP<br />
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| [[1x9m]], [[1x9s]], [[1x9w]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA<br />
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| [[1t8e]] – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP<br />
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| [[1tk0]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
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| [[1tk5]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
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| [[1tk8]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
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| [[1tkd]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
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| [[1skr]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP<br />
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| [[1sks]], [[1skw]], [[1sl0]], [[1sl1]], [[1sl2]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine<br />
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| [[1t7p]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP<br />
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| [[2bto]] – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – ''Prosthecobacter dejongeii''<br />
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| [[1oaz]] – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat<br />
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| [[3tco]] - SsTrx-1 fragment – ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''<br />
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| [[4j57]], [[4j56]] – PfTrx-1 + Trx reductase (mutant)<br />
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| [[3zl5]] – SmTrx-1 (mutant)<br />
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| === Trx-2 ===
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| [[1w4v]], [[1w89]], [[1uvz]] – hTrx-2 <br />
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| [[3hhv]] – SsTrx-2 fragment <br />
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| [[2fa4]] – yTrx-2<br />
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| [[2hsy]] – yTrx-2 - NMR<br />
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| [[3pin]] - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase<br />
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| [[4dss]] – yTrx-2 + peroxiredoxin-2<br />
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| [[2ppt]] – Trx-2 – ''Rhodobacter capsulatus''<br />
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| [[1thx]] – Trx-2 – Anabaena<br />
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| [[3ul3]] – PfTrx-2
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| === Trx-3 ===
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| [[2oe0]], [[2oe1]], [[2oe3]] – yTrx-3
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| === Trx C ===
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| [[2i1u]] – MtTrx C – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
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| [[2l4q]], [[2l59]] – MtTrx C - NMR<br />
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| [[3nof]] – MtTrx (mutant)<br />
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| [[3o6t]] – MtTrx (mutant)+quinol
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| === Trx F ===
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| [[2pu9]] – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis<br />
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| [[2pvo]] - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1<br />
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| [[1f9m]] – sTrx F – spinach<br />
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| [[1faa]] - sTrx F (mutant)
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| === Trx H ===
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| [[3d21]] – pTrx H – poplar<br />
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| [[3d22]] - pTrx H (mutant)<br />
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| [[1ti3]] - pTrx H - NMR<br />
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| [[2vlt]], [[2vlu]], [[2vlv]], [[2vm1]], [[2vm2]] - bTrx H – barley<br />
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| [[2iwt]] - bTrx H+α-amylase subtilisin inhibitor<br />
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| [[1wmj]] – Trx H – ''Oryza sativa'' – NMR<br />
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| [[1xfl]] – Trx H – ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' - NMR<br />
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| [[1ep7]] – CrTrx H – ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''<br />
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| [[1ep8]] - CrTrx H (mutant)<br />
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| [[1tof]] - CrTrx H - NMR
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| === Trx M ===
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| [[2puk]] - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase<br />
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| [[1fb0]], [[1fb6]] - sTrx M<br />
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| [[1dby]] – CrTrx M – NMR<br />
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| | == References == |
| | <references/> |
| [[Category:Topic Page]] | | [[Category:Topic Page]] |