Thioredoxin: Difference between revisions

From Proteopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
Michal Harel (talk | contribs)
31,761 edits
No edit summary
Michal Harel (talk | contribs)
31,761 edits
No edit summary
 
(29 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:1ert.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin [[1ert]]]]
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human thioredoxin (PDB entry [[1ert]])' scene='43/430885/Cv/2'>
{{STRUCTURE_1ert|  PDB=1ert  | SIZE=400| SCENE=Thioredoxin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Thioredoxin [[1ert]] }}


== Function ==
[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form,  the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange<ref>PMID:3152490</ref>.  They contain a CXXC motif.<br />
* '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br />
*  '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br />
*  '''Trx C,M,X,Y''' are found in prokaryotes.<br />
*  '''Trx F,H,O''' are found in eukaryotes.<br />




== Relevance ==
Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis<ref>PMID:12480557</ref>.


== Disease ==
Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more<ref>PMID:15990177</ref>.


 
== Structural highlights ==
 
The <scene name='43/430885/Cv/4'>active site motif Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys</scene> is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins<ref>PMID:8805557</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange.  They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.  Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.  In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence.  Trx  M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin ([[1ert]]).
 
{{TOC limit|limit=2}}


== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
[[Thioredoxin 3D structures]]


''Updated December 2011''
</StructureSection>
 
=== Trx ===
 
[[3e3e]], [[2hsh]], [[1aiu]], [[1erv]], [[1erw]], [[3m9j]], [[3m9k]] – hTrx (mutant) – human<br />
[[3kd0]] - hTrx (mutant)+CdCl2<br />
[[1cqg]], [[1cqh]] - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR<br />
[[1mdi]], [[1mdj]], [[1mdk]] - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR<br />
[[2hxk]], [[2ifq]], [[2iiy]] – hTrx S-nitroso<br />
[[1auc]], [[1ert]], [[1eru]], [[1trs]], [[1tru]], [[1trv]], [[1trw]], [[3trx]], [[4trx]] - hTrx<br />
[[3hxs]] – BfTrx fragment – ''Bacteroides fragilis''<br />
[[3hyp]] - BfrxI fragment (mutant)<br />
[[3hz4]] – Trx – ''Methanosarcina mazei''<br />
[[2k9f]] - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – ''Neisseria meningitides'' – NMR<br />
[[3die]] – SaTrx (mutant) – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
[[2voc]] - BsTrx (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
[[2gzy]], [[2gzz]] – BsTrx – NMR<br />
[[2ipa]] – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR<br />
[[2h6x]], [[2trx]], [[1srx]] – EcTrx<br />
[[1xoa]], [[1xob]] – EcTrx - NMR<br />
[[1m7t]] – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR<br />
[[3dxb]] – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal<br />
[[3emx]] – Trx – ''Aeropyrum pernix''<br />
[[2vim]] – Trx – ''Fasciola hepatica''<br />
[[2yzu]], [[2cvk]], [[1v98]] – TtTrx – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
[[2e0q]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Sulfolobus tokodaii''<br />
[[2o7k]] – SaTrx<br />
[[2o85]], [[2o87]], [[2o89]] – SaTrx (mutant)<br />
[[2i4a]] – Trx – ''Acetobacter aceti''<br />
[[2j23]] – Trx – ''Malassezia sympodialis''<br />
[[2f51]] – Trx – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
[[1t00]] – Trx – ''Streptomyces coelicolor''<br />
[[1xw9]], [[1xwa]], [[1xwb]], [[1xwc]] – Trx – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
[[1rqm]], [[1nsw]], [[1nw2]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
[[1syr]] – Trx – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
[[1r26]] – Trx – ''Trypanosoma brucei brucei''<br />
[[1gl8]] – Trx – spinach- NMR<br />
[[1fo5]] – Trx – ''Methanocaldococcus janaschii'' – NMR<br />
[[1quw]] – Trx – ''Bacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
[[2l5l]] – Trx – ''Bacteroides vulgatus'' – NMR<br />
[[2tir]] - EcTrx (mutant) – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
[[2xbi]] – SmTrx – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
[[2xbq]], [[2xc2]] – SmTrx (mutant)
 
 
=== Trx-1 ===
 
[[3f3q]], [[2i9h]] – yTrx-1 – yeast<br />
[[3f3r]] – yTrx-1 (mutant)<br />
[[3dyr]], [[2h6y]], [[2h6z]], [[2h70]], [[2h71]], [[2h72]], [[2h73]], [[2h74]], [[2h75]], [[2h76]], [[2fch]], [[2fd3]], [[1keb]], [[2eio]], [[2eiq]], [[2eir]], [[1zcp]], [[1zzy]], [[1txx]], [[1tho]] – EcTrx-1 (mutant) <br />
[[1f6m]] – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+<br />
[[2ajq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7<br />
[[1zyq]] – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP<br />
[[1x9m]], [[1x9s]], [[1x9w]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA<br />
[[1t8e]] – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP<br />
[[1tk0]] – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
[[1tk5]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
[[1tk8]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
[[1tkd]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine<br />
[[1skr]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP<br />
[[1sks]], [[1skw]], [[1sl0]], [[1sl1]], [[1sl2]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine<br />
[[1t7p]] - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP<br />
[[2bto]] – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – ''Prosthecobacter dejongeii''<br />
[[1oaz]] – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat
 
 
=== Trx-2 ===
 
[[1w4v]], [[1w89]], [[1uvz]] – hTrx-2 <br />
[[3hhv]] – Trx-2 fragment – ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''<br />
[[2fa4]] – yTrx-2<br />
[[2hsy]] – yTrx-2 - NMR<br />
[[3pin]] - yTrx-2+peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase<br />
[[2ppt]] – Trx-2 – ''Rhodobacter capsulatus''<br />
[[1thx]] – Trx-2 – Anabaena
 
 
=== Trx-3 ===
 
[[2oe0]], [[2oe1]], [[2oe3]] – yTrx-3
 
 
=== Trx C ===
 
[[2i1u]] – MtTrx C – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<br />
[[2l4q]], [[2l59]] – MtTrx C - NMR<br />
[[3nof]] – MtTrx (mutant)<br />
[[3o6t]] – MtTrx (mutant)+quinol
 
=== Trx F ===
 
[[2pu9]] – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis<br />
[[2pvo]] - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1<br />
[[1f9m]] – sTrx F – spinach<br />
[[1faa]] - sTrx F (mutant)
 
 
=== Trx H ===
 
[[3d21]] – pTrx H – poplar<br />
[[3d22]] - pTrx H (mutant)<br />
[[1ti3]] - pTrx H - NMR<br />
[[2vlt]], [[2vlu]], [[2vlv]], [[2vm1]], [[2vm2]] - bTrx H – barley<br />
[[2iwt]] - bTrx H+alpha-amylase subtilisin inhibitor<br />
[[1wmj]] – Trx H – ''Oryza sativa'' – NMR<br />
[[1xfl]] – Trx H – ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' - NMR<br />
[[1ep7]] – CrTrx H – ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii''<br />
[[1ep8]] - CrTrx H (mutant)<br />
[[1tof]] - CrTrx H - NMR
 
 
=== Trx M ===
 
[[2puk]] - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase<br />
[[1fb0]], [[1fb6]] - sTrx M<br />
[[1dby]] – CrTrx M – NMR<br />


== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Latest revision as of 11:48, 23 February 2020


Function

Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange[1]. They contain a CXXC motif.

  • Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.
  • Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.
  • Trx C,M,X,Y are found in prokaryotes.
  • Trx F,H,O are found in eukaryotes.


Relevance

Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis[2].

Disease

Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more[3].

Structural highlights

The is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins[4]

3D Structures of Thioredoxin

Thioredoxin 3D structures


Human thioredoxin (PDB entry 1ert)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

ReferencesReferences

  1. ↑ Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;4(4):271-97. PMID:3152490
  2. ↑ Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Kakisaka Y, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):32-8. PMID:12480557
  3. ↑ Burke-Gaffney A, Callister ME, Nakamura H. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):398-404. PMID:15990177 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.005
  4. ↑ Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR. Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. Structure. 1996 Jun 15;4(6):735-51. PMID:8805557

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alexander Berchansky, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman
Retrieved from "https://proteopedia.openfox.io/wiki/index.php?title=Thioredoxin&oldid=3159880"