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[[Image:1ert.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin [[1ert]]]]
<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human thioredoxin (PDB entry [[1ert]])' scene='43/430885/Cv/2'>
{{STRUCTURE_1ert|  PDB=1ert  | SIZE=300| SCENE=Thioredoxin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Thioredoxin [[1ert]] }}


[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange.  They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.  Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.  In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence.  Trx  M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin ([[1ert]]).
== Function ==
[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form,  the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange<ref>PMID:3152490</ref>.  They contain a CXXC motif.<br />
* '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br />
* '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br />
* '''Trx C,M,X,Y''' are found in prokaryotes.<br />
*  '''Trx F,H,O''' are found in eukaryotes.<br />


{{TOC limit|limit=2}}


== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
== Relevance ==
Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis<ref>PMID:12480557</ref>.


== Disease ==
Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more<ref>PMID:15990177</ref>.


== Structural highlights ==
The <scene name='43/430885/Cv/4'>active site motif Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys</scene> is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins<ref>PMID:8805557</ref>


=== Trx ===
== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
 
[[Thioredoxin 3D structures]]
[[3e3e]], [[2hsh]], [[1aiu]], [[1erv]], [[1erw]] – hTrx (mutant) – human<br />
[[1cqg]], [[1cqh]] - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR<br />
[[1mdi]], [[1mdj]], [[1mdk]] - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR<br />
[[2hxk]], [[2ifq]], [[2iiy]] – hTrx S-nitroso<br />
[[1auc]], [[1ert]], [[1eru]], [[1trs]], [[1tru]], [[1trv]], [[1trw]], [[3trx]], [[4trx]] - hTrx<br />
[[3hxs]] – BfTrx fragment – ''Bacteroides fragilis''<br />
[[3hyp]] - BfrxI fragment (mutant)<br />
[[3hz4]] – Trx – ''Methanosarcina mazei''<br />
[[2k9f]] - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – ''Neisseria meningitides'' – NMR<br />
[[3die]] – SaTrx (mutant) – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
[[2voc]] - BsTrx (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
[[2gzy]], [[2gzz]] – BsTrx – NMR<br />
[[2ipa]] – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR<br />
[[2h6x]], [[2trx]], [[1srx]] – EcTrx<br />
[[1xoa]], [[1xob]] – EcTrx - NMR<br />
[[1m7t]] – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR<br />
[[3dxb]] – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal<br />
[[3emx]] – Trx – ''Aeropyrum pernix''<br />
[[2vim]] – Trx – ''Fasciola hepatica''<br />
[[2yzu]], [[2cvk]], [[1v98]] – TtTrx – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
[[2e0q]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Sulfolobus tokodaii''<br />
[[2o7k]] – SaTrx<br />
[[2o85]], [[2o87]], [[2o89]] – SaTrx (mutant)<br />
[[2i4a]] – Trx – ''Acetobacter aceti''<br />
[[2j23]] – Trx – ''Malassezia sympodialis''<br />
[[2f51]] – Trx – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
[[1t00]] – Trx – ''Streptomyces coelicolor''<br />
[[1xw9]], [[1xwa]], [[1xwb]], [[1xwc]] – Trx – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
[[1rqm]], [[1nsw]], [[1nw2]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
[[1syr]] – Trx – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
[[1r26]] – Trx – ''Trypanosoma brucei brucei''<br />
[[1gl8]] – Trx – spinach- NMR<br />
[[1fo5]] – Trx – ''Methanocaldococcus janaschii'' – NMR<br />
[[1quw]] – Trx – ''Bacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR
 
 
=== Trx-1 ===
 
3f3q, 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast
3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant)
3dyr, 2h6y, 2h6z, 2h70, 2h71, 2h72, 2h73, 2h74, 2h75, 2h76, 2fch, 2fd3, 1keb, 2eio, 2eiq, 2eir, 1zcp, 1zzy, 1txx, 1tho, 1tir  – EcTrx-1 (mutant) – Escherichia coli
1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+
2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7
1zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP
1x9m, 1x9s, 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA
1t8e – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP
1tk0 – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine
1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine
1tk8 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine
1tkd - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine
1skr - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP
1sks, 1skw, 1sl0, 1sl1, 1sl2 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine
1t7p - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP
2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – prosthecobacter dejongeii
1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat
 
 
=== Trx-2 ===
 
1w4v, 1w89, 1uvz – hTrx-2
3hhv – Trx-2 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus
2fa4 – yTrx-2
2ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus
2hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR
1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena
 
 
=== Trx-3 ===
 
2oe0, 2oe1, 2oe3 – yTrx-3
 
 
=== Trx C ===
 
2i1u – Trx C – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''
 
=== Trx F ===
 
2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis
2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1
1f9m – sTrx F – spinach
1faa - sTrx F (mutant)
 
 
=== Trx H ===
 
3d21 – pTrx H – poplar
3d22 - pTrx H (mutant)
1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR
2vlt, 2vlu, 2vlv, 2vm1, 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley
2iwt - bTrx H+alpha-amylase subtilisin inhibitor
1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR
1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR
1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant)
1tof - CrTrx H - NMR
 


=== Trx M ===
</StructureSection>


2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase
== References ==
1fb0, 1fb6 - sTrx M
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Latest revision as of 11:48, 23 February 2020


Function

Thioredoxin (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange[1]. They contain a CXXC motif.

  • Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein.
  • Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific.
  • Trx C,M,X,Y are found in prokaryotes.
  • Trx F,H,O are found in eukaryotes.


Relevance

Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis[2].

Disease

Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more[3].

Structural highlights

The is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins[4]

3D Structures of Thioredoxin

Thioredoxin 3D structures


Human thioredoxin (PDB entry 1ert)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

ReferencesReferences

  1. ↑ Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;4(4):271-97. PMID:3152490
  2. ↑ Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Kakisaka Y, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):32-8. PMID:12480557
  3. ↑ Burke-Gaffney A, Callister ME, Nakamura H. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):398-404. PMID:15990177 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.005
  4. ↑ Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR. Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. Structure. 1996 Jun 15;4(6):735-51. PMID:8805557

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