Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: Difference between revisions

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Andrea Gorrell, Indu Toora, Andrew Rebeyka, David Canner, Michal Harel, Jaime Prilusky, Alexander Berchansky

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-{{STRUCTURE_2r4e| PDB=2r4e | SCENE=Sandbox_189/Mynewscene/1 }}
+<StructureSection load='1yj8' size='350' side='right' scene='' caption='Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase trimer  [[1yj8]]'>
-'''Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase'''
-Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD) is a membrane bound enzyme in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GlpD) is an oxidoreductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate_to_glycerol_3-phosphate_en.svg reaction] of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate to Glycerol 3-Phosphate. GlpD is involved in many cellular functions such as phospholipids biosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. The GlpD is a dimer consisting of two subunits which contain the Cap-Domain,the flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)-Domain and a ubiquinone analogue, MD. <ref>PubMed:18296637</ref1>
+'''Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase''' (GlpD) is a membrane bound enzyme in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GlpD) is an oxidoreductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dihydroxyacetone_phosphate_to_glycerol_3-phosphate_en.svg reaction] of Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate to Glycerol 3-Phosphate, with NADH as the reductant. GlpD is involved in many cellular functions such as phospholipids biosynthesis, respiration and metabolism. <ref name="cellfunction">PMID:18296637</ref>The GlpD is a dimer consisting of two subunits which contain the catabolite activator protein (CAP)-Domain,the flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)-Domain and a ubiquinone analogue, MD.
 ===Structure===
+[[Image:FINAL.png|left|thumb|Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase]]
+{{Clear}}
 GlpD is a dimer that consists of two subunits; α and β. The GlpD structure also contains seven ligands; 1,3-Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (13P), β-Octylglucoside (βOG), 1,2-Ethanediol (EDO), Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), Imidazole (IMD), PO4 (Phosphate Ion) and N-(Tris(Hydroxymethyl)methyl)-3-Aminopropanesulfonic Acid (T3A). The active sites on GlpD are the Cap-Domain, FAD- Domain and a ubiquinone substrate analogue, menadione (MD).
 <scene name='Sandbox_189/Cap_domain/1'>Cap-Binding Domain</scene>
-The C-terminal consists of negatively charged residues that are opposite in orientation to the positively charged residues of the FAD-Domain in the phospholipid membrane.
+The C-terminal CAP-Domain consists of negatively charged residues that are opposite in orientation to the positively charged residues of the FAD-Domain in the phospholipid membrane. The CAP-domain is responsible in gene transcription and helical turns.
 <scene name='Sandbox_189/Fad/2'>FAD Active Site</scene>
-The N-terminal FAD-Domain exists in each monomer subunit of GlpD and is embedded into the phospholipid membrane bilayer. Substrate binding occurs at this domain which causes a conformational change to the structure of the GlpD enzyme. The base of the enzyme has positivly charged regions capable of association with the negatively charged heads of the phospholipid membran<ref>PubMed:18296637</ref2>
+The N-terminal FAD-Domain exists in each monomer subunit of GlpD and is embedded into the phospholipid membrane bilayer.Substrate binding occurs at this domain which causes a conformational change to the structure of the GlpD enzyme. The FAD-domain plays a major role in metabolism and energy synthesis.  The active site is found in a cleft between the two domains<ref>PMID:14717590</ref>.
 ===Function===
-GlpD functions in the intracellular membrane of E. coli and in the inner-mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. In E. Coli, GlpD catalyzes and reduces the reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate in the [http://www.pnas.org/content/105/9/3280/F1.large.jpg glycerol metabolism pathway]. The binding of the substrate analogues and GlpD, a conformational change of the structure of the GlpD occurs.
+GlpD functions in the intracellular membrane of E. coli and in the inner-mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. In E. Coli, GlpD catalyzes and reduces the reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glycerol 3-phosphate in the [http://www.pnas.org/content/105/9/3280/F1.large.jpg glycerol metabolism pathway]. The binding of the substrate analogues (glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate, glyceric acid 2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate) or UQ substrate analogues (2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide and menadione). The conformational change of the structure and resiudes of GlpD catalyzes many different metabolic reactions.
-Upon the oxidation of glycerol 3-phosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) reduces to FADH2, passing on electrons to Ubiquinone(UQ). UQ then reduces to UQH2 which allows for the transport of electrons into the respiratory pathway.
+===Metabolic Pathways===
-Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD) is a membrane bound enzyme in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. GlpD is involved in many cellular functions, some of which are phospholipids biosynthesis, respiration and metabolism.  The authors believed that GlpD undergoes a conformational change upon complexing with analogue substrates, which are thought to catalyze glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenation in two possible ways. The authors further researched and discovered more GlpD structures that are bound to Ubiquonone (Ub) analogues in order to link catalytic dehydrogenation to respiration and to gain insight on the mechanism involved in the transport of electrons into the respiratory pathway. It is also thought by the authors that the prokaryotic enzyme structural results can be applied to eukaryotic GlpD enzyme structural results, due to the conservation of greater than 45% of consensus protein sequences in almost all organisms.
-====Metabolism====
-===Diseases===
-===References===
-<references />
+====Phosphoplipid Biosynthesis====
+GlpD reduces DHAP to glycerol 3-phosphate. Then the glycerol 3-phosphate is catalyzed by acyl transferase to 1-acylglyverol-3-phosphate, and then another acyl transferase catalyzes that to a phosphatidic acid. head groups are added to the phosphatidic acid to synthesize phospholipids.
+====Glyceroneogenesis====
+GlpD is also involved in the glyceroneogenesis pathway. By gluconeogenesis, phosphoenolpyruvate converts to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which is reduced by GlpD to glycerol 3-phosphate which then forms a backbone for the synthesis of triacylglycerol.
+====Respiration====
+The FAD-domain in GlpD plays a major role in the transport of electrons into the repiratory pathway. Glycerol 3-phosphate is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate with simultaneous reduction of of FAD to FADH2 occuring, and the electrons are transported to Ubiquinone, which are further transported to oxygen or nitrogen and into the respiratory pathway.
+===Diseases===
+GlpD is involved in diseases such as Alzeheimer`s, muscle dystrophy, hyaline membrane diseases and many more.
+==3D structures of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase==
+[[Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 3D structures]]
+</StructureSection>
+==References==
+<references />
+[[Category:Topic Page]]
-[[Image:FINAL.png|thumb|Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase]]
-<table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after April 23, 2010. Sandboxes 151-200 are reserved until then for use by the Chemistry 307 class at UNBC taught by Prof. [[User:Andrea Gorrell|Andrea Gorrell]].</td></tr>