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| <StructureSection load='1cpu' size='400' side='right' scene='42/428167/Vision_general/1' caption='Amilasa con los aminoácidos del centro activo (rojo) (PDB code 1cpu)'> | | <scene name='42/428167/Alanina-1-1/1'>Aminoácido tipo de las proteínas </scene> |
| =Centro activo=
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| La amilasa pancreática es una endoglicosidasa que hidroliza enlaces alfa 1-4 de poliglícidos de glucosa
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| para entender porqué solamente ataca los enlaces interiores del poliglícido es necesario ver cómo se coloca el poliglícido al unirse al centro activo . 1cpu muestra la estructura de la amilasa pancreática . El <scene name='42/428167/Centro_activo/2'>centro activo </scene>se muestra ocupado por 5 unidades glicídicas que son abrazadas por la hendidura del centro activo . En rojo se muestran los dos aminoácidos principales que participan en la catálisis, aspártico 197 y glutámico 233.
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| En esta nueva visión vemos <scene name='42/428167/Detalle_centro_activo/1'>la relación entre los aminoácidos ácidos del centro activo y el pseudosubstrato (superfície de puntos)</scene> Vemos como los dos aminoácidos ácidos caen en el centro del glícido y atacan la parte central. Por tanto dado el "diseño" de este centro activo es imposible que pueda hidrolizar diglícidos con eficiencia
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| ==Regulation==
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| α-Amylase is regulated through a number of inhibitors. These inhibitors are classified according to six categories, based on their tertiary structures<ref name="inhibit">PPMID: 17713601</ref>. Inhibitors of α-amylase block the active site of the enzyme. In animals, inhibitors control the conversion of starch to simple sugars during glucose peaks after a meal so that breakdown of glucose occurs at a rate the body can handle<ref name="inhibit"/>. This is particularly important for diabetics, who require low quantities of α-amylase to maintain control over glucose levels. After taking insulin however, pancreatic α-amylase escalates. Plants use these inhibitors as a defense mechanism to inhibit the use of α-amylase in insects, thus protecting themselves from herbivory<ref>PMID: 11856298 </ref>.
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| ==3D structures of amylase (Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ==
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| {{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
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| * α-amylase
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| ** [[3ij7]], [[1xv8]], [[1c8q]], [[1bsi]], [[1smd]], [[1hny]] – hAAM – human
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| ** [[1xgz]], [[1q4n]], [[1kb3]], [[1kbb]], [[1kbk]], [[1kgu]], [[1kgw]], [[1kgx]], [[1jxj]], [[1jxk]], [[2cpu]] - hAAM (mutant)
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| ** [[3n8t]] – TkAAM – ''Thermococcus kodakarensis''
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| ** [[3k8k]] – BtAAM – ''Bacterioides thetaiotaomicron''
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| ** [[3kwx]], [[2guy]] – AoAAM – ''Aspergilluys oryzae''
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| ** [[2wpg]] – AAM – ''Xanthomonas campestris''
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| ** [[2wc7]], [[2wcs]], [[2wkg]] – AAM catalytic region – ''Cyanobacterium''
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| ** [[3bh4]] – BaAAM – ''Bacillus amyloliquefaciens''
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| ** [[1e3x]], [[1e43]] – BaAAM chimera
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| ** [[1ht6]], [[1amy]] - bAAM – barley
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| ** [[3bsg]] – bAAM (mutant)
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| ** [[3dhu]] – AAM – ''Lactobacillus plantarum''
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| ** [[3dc0]] – AAM – ''Bacillus KR8104''
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| ** [[3bcf]], [[1wza]] – HoAAM – ''Halothermothrix orenii''
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| ** [[2die]], [[1wp6]] – AAM alkaline – ''Bacillus sp.''
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| ** [[1ud2]], [[1ud4]], [[1ud5]], [[1ud6]], [[1ud8]] - AAM – ''Bacillus sp. KSM-K38''
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| ** [[1ud3]] – AAM (mutant) – ''Bacillus sp. KSM-K38''
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| ** [[2gjr]] – BhAAM – ''Bacillus halmapalus''
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| ** [[2b5d]] – AAM – ''Thermotoga maritima''
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| ** [[2c3g]], [[2c3v]] – BhaloAAM – ''Bacillus halodurans''
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| ** [[1ji1]], [[1ji2]], [[1bvz]] - TvAAM – ''Thermoactinomyces vulgaris''
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| ** [[1wzk]], [[1wzl]], [[1wzm]], [[1izj]], [[1izk]], [[1jf5]], [[1jf6]] – TvAAM (mutant)
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| ** [[1mwo]], [[1mxd]] – PwAAM – ''Pyrococcus woesei''
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| ** [[1ob0]], [[1bli]] - BlAAM (mutant) – ''Bacillus licheniformis''<br />
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| ** [[1vjs]] – BlAAM precursor<br />
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| ** [[1bpl]] – BlAAM<br />
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| ** [[1b0i]], [[1aqm]], [[1aqh]] – PhAAM - ''Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis''
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| ** [[1jd7]], [[1jd9]] - PhAAM (mutant)
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| ** [[1g5a]] – NpAAM – ''Neisseria polysaccharea''
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| ** [[1hvx]] - BaAAM – ''Bacillus stearothermophilus''
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| ** [[1qho]] – GsAAM – ''Geobacillus stearothermophilus''
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| ** [[1jae]] – TmAAM – ''Tenebrio molitor''
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| ** [[1pif]] – pAAM – pig
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| ** [[6taa]], [[2aaa]] - AoAAM<br />
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| ** [[4aee]] – AAM catalytic domain – ''Staphylothermus marinus''<br />
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| ** [[3ren]] – AAM – ''Clostridium perfringens''<br />
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| ** [[3vm5]] – AAM – ''Oryzias latipes''<br />
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| ** [[3vm7]] – AAM – ''Malbranchea cinnamomea''<br />
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| ** [[4gkl]] – AAM – ''Thermotoga neapolitana''<br />
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| ** [[4ays]] – AAM – ''Deinococcus radiodurans''<br />
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| ** ''AAM binary complexes''
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| *** [[1xd0]], [[1xd1]], [[1cpu]], [[1jfh]] - hAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1b2y]], [[1xcw]], [[1xcx]] - hAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[3blk]], [[3blp]], [[1z32]], [[1nm9]], [[1mfu]], [[1mfv]], [[3cpu]] - hAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3dhp]], [[1xh0]], [[1xh2]] - hAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[3ij8]], [[3ij9]] – hAAM catalytic intermediate
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| *** [[2qmk]], [[3bai]] – hAAM + NO2
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| *** [[3baw]] – hAAM + N3
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| *** [[3bax]] - hAAM (mutant) + N3
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| *** [[3bak]] – hAAM (mutant) + NO3
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| *** [[1xh1]] - hAAM (mutant) + Cl
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| *** [[2qv4]], [[3baj]], [[3bay]] - hAAM + acarbose + NO2
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| *** [[3old]], [[3ole]], [[3olg]], [[3oli]] – hAAM + statin
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| *** [[1u2y]], [[1u30]], [[1u33]] – hAAM + inhibitor<br />
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| *** [[4gqq]] – hAAM + ethyl caffeate<br />
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| *** [[4gqr]] – hAAM + myricetin<br />
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| *** [[3n92]], [[3n98]] – TkAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3l2l]], [[3l2m]], [[1vah]], [[1wo2]], [[1ua3]], [[1pig]], [[1ppi]] - pAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1hx0]] – pAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1kxq]], [[1kxt]], [[1kxv]] – pAAM + antibody VHH fragment
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| *** [[1bvn]], [[1dhk]] – pAAM + protein inhibitor
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| *** [[1ose]] – pAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[3k8l]] - BtAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3k8m]] - BtAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[2d2o]], [[1jl8]], [[1jib]] - TvAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3a6o]] – TvAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[2d0f]], [[2d0g]], [[2d0h]], [[1vb9]], [[1vfm]], [[1vfo]], [[1vfu]], [[1uh2]], [[1uh4]] - TvAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1uh3]] - TvAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1ava]] – bAAM + protein inhibitor
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| *** [[1bg9]], [[1rpk]] - bAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1p6w]] – bAAM + substrate analog
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| *** [[1rp8]], [[1b1y]], [[1rp9]] - bAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3bsh]], [[2qpu]], [[2qps]] - bAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[3bcd]] - HoAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3bc9]] - HoAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[2gjp]], [[1w9x]] - BhAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[2gvy]] - AoAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1zs2]], [[1s46]], [[1mvy]], [[1mw0]], [[1mw1]], [[1mw2]], [[1mw3]] - NpAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1bag]] - BsAAM + saccharide – ''Bacillus subtilis''
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| *** [[1ua7]] – BsAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[2d3l]], [[2d3n]] - BacAAM + saccharide – ''Bacillus''
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| *** [[2c3h]], [[2c3w]], [[2c3x]] - BhaloAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1mxg]] - PwAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[3qgv]] - PwAAM + sucrose<br />
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| *** [[1g9h]], [[1g94]] - PhAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1kxh]] - PhAAM (mutant) + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1l0p]] – PhAAM + NO3
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| *** [[1e40]] – BaAAM chimera + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1e3z]] - BaAAM chimera + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1fa2]] - AAM + saccharide – Sweet potato
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| *** [[1qhp]] - GsAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[4e2o]] - GsAAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[1clv]], [[1viw]], [[1tmq]] – TmAAM + protein inhibitor
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| *** [[1gah]], [[1gai]] – AaAAM + acarbose – ''Aspergillus awamori''
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| *** [[3gly]], [[1agm]], [[1glm]] – AaAAM + saccharide<br />
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| * Pullulanase α-amylase
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| ** [[2wan]] – AAM – ''Bacillus acidopullululyticus''
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| ** [[2fgz]] – KaAAM – ''Klebsiella aerogenes''
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| ** [[2e8y]] - BsAAM <br />
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| ** [[1ji2]] - TvAAM <br />
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| ** [[1jl5]], [[1jf6]], [[1wzk]], [[1wzl]], [[1wzm]] - TvAAM (mutant)<br />
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| ** ''Pullulanase α-amylase binary complexes''
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| *** [[2fh6]], [[2fh8]], [[2fhb]], [[2fhc]], [[2fhf]] - KaAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3fax]] - AAM + saccharide – ''Streptococcus agalactiae''
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| *** [[2e8z]], [[2e9b]] - BsAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[2d2o]] - TvAAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1g1y]], [[1jib]], [[1jl8]], [[1vfm]], [[1vfo]], [[1vfu]], [[1vb9]] - TvAAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[3a6o]] – TvAAM + acarbose <br />
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| * Neopullulanase α-amylase
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| ** [[4aef]] – AAM – ''Pyrococcus furiosus''<br />
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| ** [[1j0h]] – BsAAM<br />
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| ** [[2z1k]] – AAM – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
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| ** [[1j0i]] – BsAAM + α-D-glucose<br />
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| ** [[1j0k]] – BsAAM (mutant) + α-D-glucose<br />
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| ** [[1j0j]] – BsAAM (mutant) + maltotetraose<br />
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| * β-amylase
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| ** [[2xfr]] – bBAM
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| ** [[1wdp]] – sBAM – soybean
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| ** [[2dqx]], [[1uko]], [[1ukp]] – sBAM (mutant)
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| ** [[1vem]], [[5bca]], [[1cqy]], [[1b90]] – BcBAM – ''Bacillus cereus''
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| ** [[1ven]] - BcBAM (mutant)<br />
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| ** [[1fa2]] - AAM + saccharide – Sweet potato<br />
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| ** ''β-amylase binary complexes''
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| *** [[2xff]] – bBAM + acarbose<br />
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| *** [[2xfy]], [[2xg9]], [[2xgb]], [[2xgi]] – bBAM + inhibitor
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| *** [[1wdq]], [[1wdr]], [[1wds]], [[1v3h]], [[1v3i]], [[1q6d]], [[1q6e]], [[1q6f]], [[1q6g]] - sBAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1q6c]], [[1bfn]], [[1bya]], [[1byb]], [[1byc]], [[1byd]], [[1btc]] - sBAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1j0y]], [[1j0z]], [[1j10]], [[1j11]], [[1j12]], [[1j18]], [[1b9z]] - BcBAM + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1veo]], [[1vep]], [[1itc]] - BcBAM (mutant) + saccharide<br />
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| *** [[1b1y]] - AAM (mutant) + saccharide – Hordeum vulgare<br />
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| * γ-amylase
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| ** [[1lf6]] – TtGAM – ''Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum''
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| ** [[1lf9]] - TtGAM + acarbose<br />
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| * β/α-amylase
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| ** [[2laa]], [[2lab]] – PpBAAM – ''Paenibacillus polymyxa'' - NMR<br />
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| ** [[3voc]] – PpBAAM<br />
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| * Maltohexaose-producing amylase
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| ** [[1wp6]] - BacMAM
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| **[[1wpc]] – BacMAM + saccharide<br />
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| * Maltogenic amylase
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| ** [[1gvi]], [[1sma]] – MAM – ''Thermus sp.''
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| * Taka amylase
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| ** [[2taa]], [[3vx0]], [[3vx1]] – AoTAM
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| ** [[7taa]] – AoTAM + acarbose
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| }}
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| =References=
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Topic Page]]
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| [[he:Amylase (Hebrew)]]
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