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Eric Martz, Adrian Aldrich, Kurt Giles, Donald Voet, Vivian Liang, Shuvo Roy

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 [[Image:ospa.gif|right|350px]]
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+<b>OspA </b> is an outer surface lipoprotein of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia <i>Borrelia Burgdorferi</i>] which is associated with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease] in humans. It is made up of 21 consecutive antiparallel beta-sheets and 1 short alpha helix. <ref name="Luft">PMID:11865439</ref>  OspA plays a great role in causing neural dysfunction of the central nervous system [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroborreliosis (Lyme neuroborreliosis)] and autoimmune Lyme arthritis. Early symptoms of Lyme disease include formation of rash and local infection called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans erythema migrans].<ref name="rupprecht">PMID: 18097481</ref> The structure of OspA is widely studied to determine its epitopes and residues, which is essential to develop an effective vaccine against Lyme disease.
-<b>Outer Surface Protein A (OspA)</b> is a major lipoprotein found on the surface of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirochaete spirochetes] from the genus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia <i>Borrelia</i>] and is comprised of 21 anti-parallel β-sheets and a single α-helix. OspA's expression is regulated at different points in time, from being downregulated during the tick's feeding process on its host to being upregulated in the host's cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to induce inflammatory response, resulting in acute Lyme [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroborreliosis neuroborreliosis]. OspA has also been used as a vector in working towards the development of a vaccine for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease Lyme disease].
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 == OspA's Role in Lyme Disease ==
-Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in North American hemisphere. Responsible for transmission is a tick vector from the genus of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodidae Ixodidae]. There are different bacterial strains of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia borrelia] including ''B.afzellii'' and ''B.garinii'' being very prevalent throughout the European continent; other known strains such as ''B.dutonii'' and ''B. recurrentis'' have been discovered within the past few decades. The most common strain in the United States is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi ''borrelia burgdorgeri''] sensu stricto, and this treponema-like spirochete was discovered to be the causative agent of Lyme Disease discovered by Dr. Willy Burgdorferi in 1982 along with several other colleagues.<ref name=art1>PMID:7043737</ref>
-Besides OspA, there are other outer surface proteins or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein lipoproteins], including OspB, OspC, and Vls (see 3-D Structures below), which are very important for the transmission of Lyme Disease from the tick to the host, as well as establishing the infection via bloodstream disseminating throughout the host body. Early symptoms of Lyme Disease include skin lesions and rashes that have a characteristic bulls-eye appearance known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans erythema chronicum migrans (ECM)]. It is important to note that ECM can be used for early diagnosis of Lyme Disease prior to awaiting more accurate laboratory tests.<ref name=art2>PMID:17029130</ref>
+Lyme disease is the most prevalent human tick-borne disease in North America. Its causative agent, spirochete [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia <i>Borrelia Burgdorferi (B.b.)</i>] is transmitted to humans by infected ticks of genus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixodidae Ixodidae]. There are several species of <i>Borrelia Burgdorferi </i>among which <i>B.b. sensu stricto</i> is the only species present in the US that infects 20 to 100 people per 100,1000 people. Other species include <i>B. afzelii</i>, <i>B. garinii</i>, and <i>B. spielmanii</i> that results in about 100 to 130 cases of infections per 100,000 people in Europe and Asia. <ref name="rupprecht">PMID: 18097481</ref>
+<i>Borrelia</i> escapes the host immune system in various ways which includes down regulation of OspA during the feeding process of infected tick on the host. This is important due to OspA’s function as an important adhesive protein in the tic gut. Once inside the host, OspA is up regulated which lead to dysfunction of the central nervous system. <ref name="rupprecht">PMID: 18097481</ref> Vaccination with OspA signals an immune response that can prevent transmission of B.b. to a mammalian host during the attachment of an infected tick. However, total anti-OspA antibody does not represent the immune protective capacity of sera, but reactivity with a specific epitope of OspA correlates with protective immunity. <ref name="ding">PMID: 11183781</ref> Other outer surface proteins such as  [http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Outer_surface_protein_B_%28OspB%29_of_the_Lyme_disease_spirochete_bacterium OspB], and [http://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/User:Marvin_O%27Neal/OspC OspC] are also essential in the successful transmission of <i>B.b.</i> from tick to human host.
 <h2>Structure of OspA</h2>