Sandbox Reserved 498: Difference between revisions
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<Structure load='1U9A' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme, [[Ubc9]]' scene='' /> | <Structure load='1U9A' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme, [[Ubc9]]' scene='' /> | ||
[[Image:ubc9.gif|250px|left]] | [[Image:ubc9.gif|250px|left]] | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
[[ | Ubc9, PDB file: [[1u9a]] an ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, participates not in the ubiquitinylation pathway but in the sumoylation pathway. This pathway links a SUMO molecule to a targeted protein.<ref name="Filip">PMID:14739995</ref> | ||
Ubc9’s conjugation with [[SUMO]] and not [[ubiquitin]] results in the targeted protein being tagged not for degradation, but to modify the protein for use in regulation, enhancing protein activity, and/or cell cycle functions.<ref name="Muller">PMID:11265250</ref><ref name="Victor">PMID:11853669</ref> | Ubc9’s conjugation with [[SUMO]] and not [[ubiquitin]] results in the targeted protein being tagged not for degradation, but to modify the protein for use in regulation, enhancing protein activity, and/or cell cycle functions.<ref name="Muller">PMID:11265250</ref><ref name="Victor">PMID:11853669</ref> | ||
Ubc9 is one of the 35 known mammalian ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. These Ubcs bind to ubiquitin or ubiquitin –like proteins.<ref name="Sjored">PMID:19940261</ref> | Ubc9 is one of the 35 known mammalian ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. These Ubcs bind to ubiquitin or ubiquitin –like proteins.<ref name="Sjored">PMID:19940261</ref> | ||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
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Sumoylation results in modification of a protein for stability and not degradation even though its pathway mirrors that of the ubiquitin pathway.<ref name="Filip"/> | Sumoylation results in modification of a protein for stability and not degradation even though its pathway mirrors that of the ubiquitin pathway.<ref name="Filip"/> | ||
RanGAP1 becomes a SUMO conjugate because the modification is needed for nucleocytplasmic transport and association with RanBP2 at the nuclear pore complex.<ref name="Victor"/><ref name="Lin"/> | |||
PML, PML-RAR, and SP100 are conjugated and targeted to the nucleus, to subnuclear structures, or to centromere segregation.<ref name="Victor"/><ref name="Lin"/> | |||
Research into why SUMO conjugation occurs, beyond regulation of cellular processes, suggests cellular stress activates an intracellular signal. SUMO proteins are found mostly unconjugated. If there is environmental stress then concentration of SUMO-conjugates increases. | Research into why SUMO conjugation occurs, beyond regulation of cellular processes, suggests cellular stress activates an intracellular signal. SUMO proteins are found mostly unconjugated. If there is environmental stress then concentration of SUMO-conjugates increases. | ||
<ref name="Courey">Courey, A.J. "Role of Sumo-conjugation in development." Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA ['''http://www.biochemistry.ucla.edu/biochem/Faculty/Courey/researchB.html'''http://www.biochemistry.ucla.edu/biochem/Faculty/Courey/researchB.html]</ref> | <ref name="Courey">Courey, A.J. "Role of Sumo-conjugation in development." Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA ['''http://www.biochemistry.ucla.edu/biochem/Faculty/Courey/researchB.html'''http://www.biochemistry.ucla.edu/biochem/Faculty/Courey/researchB.html]</ref> | ||
Ubc9 is involved in degradation of cell cycle proteins. M-phase cyclin | Ubc9 is involved in degradation of cell cycle proteins. M-phase cyclin Clb5, S-phase cyclin Clb2, and G1 cyclins Cln1 and Cln2 are degraded for cell cycle regulation.<ref name="Tong"/> | ||
'''Substrates''' | '''Substrates''' | ||