View source for 6dha


==Crystal Structure of Human PPARgamma Ligand Binding Domain in Complex with Hydroxy Pioglitazone (M-IV)==
<StructureSection load='6dha' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6dha]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.88&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6dha]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6DHA OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6DHA FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.88&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GFV:Hydroxy+Pioglitazone+(M-IV)'>GFV</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=KNA:NONANOIC+ACID'>KNA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6dha FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6dha OCA], [https://pdbe.org/6dha PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6dha RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6dha PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6dha ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PPARG_HUMAN PPARG_HUMAN] Note=Defects in PPARG can lead to type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes and hyptertension. PPARG mutations may be associated with colon cancer.  Defects in PPARG may be associated with susceptibility to obesity (OBESITY) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/601665 601665]. It is a condition characterized by an increase of body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat.<ref>PMID:9753710</ref>   Defects in PPARG are the cause of familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604367 604367]. Familial partial lipodystrophies (FPLD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous (sc) fat from the extremities. Affected individuals show an increased preponderance of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.<ref>PMID:12453919</ref> <ref>PMID:11788685</ref>   Genetic variations in PPARG can be associated with susceptibility to glioma type 1 (GLM1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/137800 137800]. Gliomas are central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells and comprise astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Note=Polymorphic PPARG alleles have been found to be significantly over-represented among a cohort of American patients with sporadic glioblastoma multiforme suggesting a possible contribution to disease susceptibility.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PPARG_HUMAN PPARG_HUMAN] Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses.<ref>PMID:9065481</ref> <ref>PMID:16150867</ref> <ref>PMID:20829347</ref> 
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Pioglitazone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), yet it remains unclear how in vivo Pio metabolites affect PPARgamma structure and function. Here, we present a structure-function comparison of Pio and its most abundant in vivo metabolite, 1-hydroxypioglitazone (PioOH). PioOH displayed a lower binding affinity and reduced potency in co-regulator recruitment assays. X-ray crystallography and molecular docking analysis of PioOH-bound PPARgamma ligand-binding domain revealed an altered hydrogen bonding network, including the formation of water-mediated bonds, which could underlie its altered biochemical phenotype. NMR spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis coupled to activity assays revealed that PioOH better stabilizes the PPARgamma activation function-2 (AF-2) co-activator binding surface and better enhances co-activator binding, affording slightly better transcriptional efficacy. These results indicating that Pio hydroxylation affects its potency and efficacy as a PPARgamma agonist contributes to our understanding of PPARgamma-drug metabolite interactions.

Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARgamma Drug Pioglitazone.,Mosure SA, Shang J, Eberhardt J, Brust R, Zheng J, Griffin PR, Forli S, Kojetin DJ J Med Chem. 2019 Feb 28;62(4):2008-2023. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01573. Epub , 2019 Feb 7. PMID:30676741<ref>PMID:30676741</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 6dha" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 3D structures|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Kojetin DJ]]
[[Category: Mosure SA]]
[[Category: Shang J]]