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==Crystal structure of the Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme N-domain in complex with amyloid-beta fluorogenic fragment 4-10==
<StructureSection load='5amc' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5amc]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.65&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5amc]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5AMC OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5AMC FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.65&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BMA:BETA-D-MANNOSE'>BMA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=CL:CHLORIDE+ION'>CL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=FUC:ALPHA-L-FUCOSE'>FUC</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GLY:GLYCINE'>GLY</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NIY:META-NITRO-TYROSINE'>NIY</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=P6G:HEXAETHYLENE+GLYCOL'>P6G</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PEG:DI(HYDROXYETHYL)ETHER'>PEG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PG4:TETRAETHYLENE+GLYCOL'>PG4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5amc FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5amc OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5amc PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5amc RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5amc PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5amc ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ACE_HUMAN ACE_HUMAN] Genetic variations in ACE may be a cause of susceptibility to ischemic stroke (ISCHSTR) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/601367 601367]; also known as cerebrovascular accident or cerebral infarction. A stroke is an acute neurologic event leading to death of neural tissue of the brain and resulting in loss of motor, sensory and/or cognitive function. Ischemic strokes, resulting from vascular occlusion, is considered to be a highly complex disease consisting of a group of heterogeneous disorders with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.<ref>PMID:15534175</ref>   Defects in ACE are a cause of renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/267430 267430]. RTD is an autosomal recessive severe disorder of renal tubular development characterized by persistent fetal anuria and perinatal death, probably due to pulmonary hypoplasia from early-onset oligohydramnios (the Potter phenotype).<ref>PMID:16116425</ref>   Genetic variations in ACE are associated with susceptibility to microvascular complications of diabetes type 3 (MVCD3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612624 612624]. These are pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus. They include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of new-onset blindness among diabetic adults. It is characterized by vascular permeability and increased tissue ischemia and angiogenesis.  Defects in ACE are a cause of susceptibility to intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/614519 614519]. A pathological condition characterized by bleeding into one or both cerebral hemispheres including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. It is often associated with hypertension and craniocerebral trauma. Intracerebral bleeding is a common cause of stroke.<ref>PMID:15277638</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ACE_HUMAN ACE_HUMAN] Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI-anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc metallopeptidase, consists of two homologous catalytic domains (N and C) with different substrate specificities. Here we report kinetic parameters of five different forms of human ACE with various amyloid beta (Abeta) substrates together with high resolution crystal structures of N-domain in complex with Abeta fragments. For the physiological Abeta(1-16) peptide, a novel ACE cleavage site was found at His14/Gln15. Furthermore, Abeta(1-16) was preferentially cleaved by the individual N-domain; however, the presence of an inactive C-domain in full-length sACE greatly reduced enzyme activity and affected apparent selectivity. Two fluorogenic substrates, Abeta(4-10)Q and Abeta(4-10)Y underwent endoproteolytic cleavage at the Asp7/Ser8 bond with all ACE constructs showing greater catalytic efficiency for Abeta(4-10)Y. Surprisingly, in contrast to Abeta(1-16) and Abeta(4-10)Q, sACE showed positive domain cooperativity and the double C-domain (CC-sACE) construct no cooperativity towards Abeta(4-10)Y. The structures of the Abeta peptide-ACE complexes revealed a common mode of peptide binding for both domains which principally targets the C-terminal P2' position to the S2' pocket and recognises the main chain of the P1' peptide. It is likely that N-domain selectivity for the amyloid peptide is conferred through the N-domain specific S2' residue Thr358. Additionally, the N-domain can accommodate larger substrates through movement of the N-terminal helices, as suggested by the disorder of the hinge region in the crystal structures. Our findings are important for the design of domain selective inhibitors as the differences in domain-selectivity are more pronounced with the truncated domains compared to the more physiological full-length forms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Kinetic and structural characterisation of amyloid-beta peptides hydrolysis by human angiotensin-1-converting enzyme.,Larmuth KM, Masuyer G, Douglas RG, Schwager SL, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED FEBS J. 2016 Jan 8. doi: 10.1111/febs.13647. PMID:26748546<ref>PMID:26748546</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 5amc" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Acharya KR]]
[[Category: Douglas RG]]
[[Category: Larmuth KM]]
[[Category: Masuyer G]]
[[Category: Sturrock ED]]