View source for 4l3q


==Crystal structure of glucokinase-activator complex==
<StructureSection load='4l3q' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4l3q]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.70&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4l3q]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4L3Q OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4L3Q FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.7&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=926:6-{3-[(1-METHYL-1H-IMIDAZOL-2-YL)SULFANYL]PHENYL}PYRIDIN-2(1H)-ONE'>926</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GLC:ALPHA-D-GLUCOSE'>GLC</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4l3q FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4l3q OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4l3q PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4l3q RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4l3q PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4l3q ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Defects in GCK are the cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125851 125851]; also shortened MODY-2. MODY is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:1502186</ref> <ref>PMID:1464666</ref> <ref>PMID:1303265</ref> <ref>PMID:8495817</ref> <ref>PMID:8325892</ref> <ref>PMID:8446612</ref> <ref>PMID:8168652</ref> <ref>PMID:9049484</ref> <ref>PMID:10694920</ref> <ref>PMID:9662401</ref> <ref>PMID:10588527</ref> <ref>PMID:11106831</ref> <ref>PMID:11372010</ref>   Defects in GCK are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 3 (HHF3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/602485 602485]; also known as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or congenital hyperinsulinism. HHF is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy. Unless early and aggressive intervention is undertaken, brain damage from recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may occur.<ref>PMID:9435328</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HXK4_HUMAN HXK4_HUMAN] Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Glucokinase activators are a class of experimental agents under investigation as a therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. An X-ray crystal structure of a modestly potent agent revealed the potential to substitute the common heterocyclic amide donor-acceptor motif for a pyridone moiety. We have successfully demonstrated that both pyridone and pyrimidone heterocycles can be used as a potent donor-acceptor substituent. Several sub-micromolar analogs that possess the desired partial activator profile were synthesized and characterized. Unfortunately, the most potent activators suffered from sub-optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Nonetheless, these donor-acceptor motifs may find utility in other glucokinase activator series or beyond.

Pyrimidone-based series of glucokinase activators with alternative donor-acceptor motif.,Filipski KJ, Guzman-Perez A, Bian J, Perreault C, Aspnes GE, Didiuk MT, Dow RL, Hank RF, Jones CS, Maguire RJ, Tu M, Zeng D, Liu S, Knafels JD, Litchfield J, Atkinson K, Derksen DR, Bourbonais F, Gajiwala KS, Hickey M, Johnson TO, Humphries PS, Pfefferkorn JA Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Jun 20. pii: S0960-894X(13)00745-2. doi:, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.036. PMID:23831135<ref>PMID:23831135</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 4l3q" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Cytochrome P450 3D structures|Cytochrome P450 3D structures]]
*[[Hexokinase 3D structures|Hexokinase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Filipski KJ]]
[[Category: Gajiwala KS]]