View source for 4apd


==Liraglutide==
<StructureSection load='4apd' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4apd]]' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4apd]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4APD OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4APD FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR, 20 models</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=D6M:N-HEXADECANOYL-L-GLUTAMIC+ACID'>D6M</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4apd FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4apd OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4apd PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4apd RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4apd PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4apd ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/GLUC_HUMAN GLUC_HUMAN] Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.<ref>PMID:8482423</ref> <ref>PMID:14557443</ref> <ref>PMID:14632334</ref>   GLP-1 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Play important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Have growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.<ref>PMID:8482423</ref> <ref>PMID:14557443</ref> <ref>PMID:14632334</ref>   GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.<ref>PMID:8482423</ref> <ref>PMID:14557443</ref> <ref>PMID:14632334</ref>   Oxyntomodulin significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.<ref>PMID:8482423</ref> <ref>PMID:14557443</ref> <ref>PMID:14632334</ref>   Glicentin may modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.<ref>PMID:8482423</ref> <ref>PMID:14557443</ref> <ref>PMID:14632334</ref> 
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Ludvigsen S]]
[[Category: Normann M]]
[[Category: Steensgaard DB]]
[[Category: Strauss H]]
[[Category: Thomsen JK]]