View source for 2fma


==Structure of the Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Copper Binding Domain in 'small unit cell' form, atomic resolution==
<StructureSection load='2fma' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2fma]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 0.85&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2fma]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2FMA OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2FMA FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 0.85&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2fma FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2fma OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2fma PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2fma RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2fma PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2fma ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref>   Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>   Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>   Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>   The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>   N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/fm/2fma_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2fma ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as its cleavage generates the Abeta peptide that is toxic to cells. APP is able to bind Cu2+ and reduce it to Cu+ through its copper-binding domain (CuBD). The interaction between Cu2+ and APP leads to a decrease in Abeta production and to alleviation of the symptoms of the disease in mouse models. Structural studies of CuBD have been undertaken in order to better understand the mechanism behind the process. Here, the crystal structure of CuBD in the metal-free form determined to ultrahigh resolution (0.85 A) is reported. The structure shows that the copper-binding residues of CuBD are rather rigid but that Met170, which is thought to be the electron source for Cu2+ reduction, adopts two different side-chain conformations. These observations shed light on the copper-binding and redox mechanisms of CuBD. The structure of CuBD at atomic resolution provides an accurate framework for structure-based design of molecules that will deplete Abeta production.

Structure of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein copper-binding domain at atomic resolution.,Kong GK, Adams JJ, Cappai R, Parker MW Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Oct 1;63(Pt, 10):819-24. Epub 2007 Sep 19. PMID:17909280<ref>PMID:17909280</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2fma" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Amyloid precursor protein 3D structures|Amyloid precursor protein 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Kong GK-W]]