View source for 2bhk


==Crystal structure of human growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5)==
<StructureSection load='2bhk' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2bhk]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.40&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2bhk]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2BHK OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2BHK FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.4&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=IPA:ISOPROPYL+ALCOHOL'>IPA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2bhk FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2bhk OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2bhk PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2bhk RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2bhk PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2bhk ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/GDF5_HUMAN GDF5_HUMAN] Defects in GDF5 are the cause of acromesomelic chondrodysplasia Grebe type (AMDG) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/200700 200700]. Acromesomelic chondrodysplasias are rare hereditary skeletal disorders characterized by short stature, very short limbs, and hand/foot malformations. The severity of limb abnormalities increases from proximal to distal with profoundly affected hands and feet showing brachydactyly and/or rudimentary fingers (knob-like fingers). AMDG is an autosomal recessive form characterized by normal axial skeletons and missing or fused skeletal elements within the hands and feet.<ref>PMID:9288098</ref>   Defects in GDF5 are the cause of acromesomelic chondrodysplasia Hunter-Thompson type (AMDH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/201250 201250]. AMDH is an autosomal recessive form of dwarfism. Patients have limb abnormalities, with the middle and distal segments being most affected and the lower limbs more affected than the upper. AMDH is characterized by normal axial skeletons and missing or fused skeletal elements within the hands and feet.  Defects in GDF5 are the cause of brachydactyly type C (BDC) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/113100 113100]. BDC is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by an abnormal shortness of the fingers and toes. Note=Some BDC patients with GDF5 mutations also manifest clinical features of ASPED angel-shaped phalango-epiphyseal dysplasia (ASPED), an autosomal dominant skeletal abnormality characterized by a typical angel-shaped phalanx, brachydactyly, specific radiological findings, abnormal dentition, hip dysplasia, and delayed bone age. This suggests that BDC and ASPED are part of the same clinical spectrum (PubMed:22828468).<ref>PMID:22828468</ref> <ref>PMID:14735582</ref>   Defects in GDF5 are the cause of Du Pan syndrome (DPS) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/228900 228900]; also known as fibular hypoplasia and complex brachydactyly. Du Pan syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by absence of the fibulae and severe acromesomelic limb shortening with small, non-functional toes. Although milder, the phenotype resembles the autosomal recessive Hunter-Thompson and Grebe types of acromesomelic chondrodysplasia.<ref>PMID:12121354</ref> <ref>PMID:16222676</ref> <ref>PMID:18629880</ref>   Defects in GDF5 are a cause of symphalangism proximal syndrome (SYM1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/185800 185800]. SYM1 is characterized by the hereditary absence of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints (Cushing symphalangism). Severity of PIP joint involvement diminishes towards the radial side. Distal interphalangeal joints are less frequently involved and metacarpophalangeal joints are rarely affected whereas carpal bone malformation and fusion are common. In the lower extremities, tarsal bone coalition is common. Conducive hearing loss is seen and is due to fusion of the stapes to the petrous part of the temporal bone.<ref>PMID:16127465</ref> <ref>PMID:16892395</ref> <ref>PMID:18283415</ref>   Defects in GDF5 are the cause of multiple synostoses syndrome type 2 (SYNS2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/610017 610017]. Multiple synostoses syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by progressive joint fusions of the fingers, wrists, ankles and cervical spine, characteristic facies and progressive conductive deafness.[:]<ref>PMID:16532400</ref>   Defects in GDF5 are a cause of brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/112600 112600]. Brachydactylies (BDs) are a group of inherited malformations characterized by shortening of the digits due to abnormal development of the phalanges and/or the metacarpals. They have been classified on an anatomic and genetic basis into five groups, A to E, including three subgroups (A1 to A3) that usually manifest as autosomal dominant traits.<ref>PMID:16127465</ref> <ref>PMID:18203755</ref>   Genetic variations in GDF5 are associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis type 5 (OS5) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612400 612400]. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the joints characterized by degradation of the hyaline articular cartilage and remodeling of the subchondral bone with sclerosis. Clinical symptoms include pain and joint stiffness often leading to significant disability and joint replacement.  Defects in GDF5 may be a cause of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/112500 112500]. Brachydactylies (BDs) are a group of inherited malformations characterized by shortening of the digits due to abnormal development of the phalanges and/or the metacarpals. They have been classified on an anatomic and genetic basis into five groups, A to E, including three subgroups (A1 to A3) that usually manifest as autosomal dominant traits.<ref>PMID:20683927</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/GDF5_HUMAN GDF5_HUMAN] Could be involved in bone and cartilage formation. Chondrogenic signaling is mediated by the high-affinity receptor BMPR1B.<ref>PMID:15530414</ref> <ref>PMID:19229295</ref> 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/bh/2bhk_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview03.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2bhk ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The crystal structure of human growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) was solved at 2.4A resolution. The structure is very similar to the structure of bone morphogenetic factor 7 (BMP7) and consists of two banana-shaped monomers, linked via a disulfide bridge. The crystal packing of GDF5 is the same as the crystal packing of BMP7. This is highly unusual since only 25-30% of the crystal contacts involve identical residues. Analysis of the crystal packing revealed that residues of the type I receptor epitope are binding to residues of the type II receptor-binding epitope. The fact that for both BMP family members the type I and type II receptor-binding sites interact suggests that the complementary sites on the receptors may interact as well, suggesting a way how preformed receptor heterodimers may form, similar to the preformed receptors observed for the erythropoietin receptor and the BMP2 receptors.

Crystal structure of recombinant human growth and differentiation factor 5: evidence for interaction of the type I and type II receptor-binding sites.,Schreuder H, Liesum A, Pohl J, Kruse M, Koyama M Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Apr 15;329(3):1076-86. PMID:15752764<ref>PMID:15752764</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2bhk" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Growth differentiation factor 3D STRUCTURES|Growth differentiation factor 3D STRUCTURES]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Koyama M]]
[[Category: Kruse M]]
[[Category: Liesum A]]
[[Category: Pohl J]]
[[Category: Schreuder H]]