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==Crystal structure of elongating yeast RNA polymerase II stalled at oxidative Cyclopurine DNA lesions.==
<StructureSection load='4x67' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4x67]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 4.10&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4x67]] is a 10 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_S288C Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4X67 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4X67 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=02I:(6S,7S,8S,10R)-4-AMINO-8-HYDROXY-7,8,9,10-TETRAHYDRO-6H-7,10-EPOXYAZEPINO[1,2-E]PURIN-6-YL+DIHYDROGEN+PHOSPHATE'>02I</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4x67 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4x67 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4x67 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4x67 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4x67 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4x67 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RPB1_YEAST RPB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. In elongating Pol II, the lid loop (RPB1) appears to act as a wedge to drive apart the DNA and RNA strands at the upstream end of the transcription bubble and guide the RNA strand toward the RNA exit groove located near the base of the largely unstructured CTD domain of RPB1. The rudder loop (RPB1) interacts with single stranded DNA after separation from the RNA strand, likely preventing reassociation with the exiting RNA. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw, formed by RPB5 and portions of RBP1. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template, mainly by RPB5 direct contacts to DNA.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
In human cells, the oxidative DNA lesion 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (CydA) induces prolonged stalling of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) followed by transcriptional bypass, generating both error-free and mutant transcripts with AMP misincorporated immediately downstream from the lesion. Here, we present biochemical and crystallographic evidence for the mechanism of CydA recognition. Pol II stalling results from impaired loading of the template base (5') next to CydA into the active site, leading to preferential AMP misincorporation. Such predominant AMP insertion, which also occurs at an abasic site, is unaffected by the identity of the 5'-templating base, indicating that it derives from nontemplated synthesis according to an A rule known for DNA polymerases and recently identified for Pol II bypass of pyrimidine dimers. Subsequent to AMP misincorporation, Pol II encounters a major translocation block that is slowly overcome. Thus, the translocation block combined with the poor extension of the dA.rA mispair reduce transcriptional mutagenesis. Moreover, increasing the active-site flexibility by mutation in the trigger loop, which increases the ability of Pol II to accommodate the bulky lesion, and addition of transacting factor TFIIF facilitate CydA bypass. Thus, blocking lesion entry to the active site, translesion A rule synthesis, and translocation block are common features of transcription across different bulky DNA lesions.

Mechanism of RNA polymerase II bypass of oxidative cyclopurine DNA lesions.,Walmacq C, Wang L, Chong J, Scibelli K, Lubkowska L, Gnatt A, Brooks PJ, Wang D, Kashlev M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Feb 3;112(5):E410-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1415186112., Epub 2015 Jan 20. PMID:25605892<ref>PMID:25605892</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 4x67" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[RNA polymerase 3D structures|RNA polymerase 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C]]
[[Category: Chong J]]
[[Category: Wang D]]
[[Category: Wang L]]