View source for 2kxk


==Human Insulin Mutant A22Gly-B31Lys-B32Arg==
<StructureSection load='2kxk' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2kxk]]' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2kxk]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2KXK OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2KXK FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2kxk FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2kxk OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2kxk PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2kxk RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2kxk PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2kxk ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/176730 176730].<ref>PMID:3470784</ref> <ref>PMID:2196279</ref> <ref>PMID:4019786</ref> <ref>PMID:1601997</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/125852 125852]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/606176 606176]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.<ref>PMID:17855560</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613370 613370]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> <ref>PMID:20226046</ref> 
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
A tertiary structure of recombinant A22(G)-B31(K)-B32(R)-human insulin monomer (insulin GKR) has been characterized by (1)H, (13)C NMR at natural isotopic abundance using NOESY, TOCSY, (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC, and (1)H/(13)C-GHSQC-TOCSY spectra. Translational diffusion studies indicate the monomer structure in water/acetonitrile (65/35vol.%). CSI analysis confirms existence of secondary structure motifs present in human insulin standard (HIS). Both techniques allow to establish that in this solvent recombinant insulin GKR exists as a monomer. Starting from structures calculated by the program CYANA, two different refinement protocols used molecular dynamics simulated annealing with the program AMBER; in vacuum (AMBER_VC), and including a generalized Born solvent model (AMBER_GB). From these calculations an ensemble of 20 structures of lowest energy was chosen which represents the tertiary structure of studied insulin. Here we present novel insulin with added A22(G) amino acid which interacts with beta-turn environment resulting in high flexibility of B chain C-terminus.

Novel recombinant insulin analogue with flexible C-terminus in B chain. NMR structure of biosynthetic engineered A22G-B31K-B32R human insulin monomer in water/acetonitrile solution.,Borowicz P, Bocian W, Sitkowski J, Bednarek E, Mikiewicz-Sygula D, Blazej-Sosnowska S, Bogiel M, Rusek D, Kurzynoga D, Kozerski L Int J Biol Macromol. 2011 Nov 1;49(4):548-54. Epub 2011 Jun 16. PMID:21704065<ref>PMID:21704065</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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==See Also==
*[[Insulin 3D Structures|Insulin 3D Structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Bocian W]]
[[Category: Kozerski L]]