View source for 4m4l


==The structure of Cu T6 bovine insulin==
<StructureSection load='4m4l' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4m4l]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.45&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4m4l]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus Bos taurus]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4M4L OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4M4L FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CU:COPPER+(II)+ION'>CU</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4m4l FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4m4l OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4m4l PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4m4l RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4m4l PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4m4l ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_BOVIN INS_BOVIN] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver.
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Using synchrotron radiation (SR), the crystal structures of T6 bovine insulin complexed with Ni(2+) and Cu(2+) were solved to 1.50 and 1.45 A resolution, respectively. The level of detail around the metal centres in these structures was highly limited, and the coordination of water in Cu site II of the copper insulin derivative was deteriorated as a consequence of radiation damage. To provide more detail, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to improve the information level about metal coordination in each derivative. The nickel derivative contains hexacoordinated Ni(2+) with trigonal symmetry, whereas the copper derivative contains tetragonally distorted hexacoordinated Cu(2+) as a result of the Jahn-Teller effect, with a significantly longer coordination distance for one of the three water molecules in the coordination sphere. That the copper centre is of type II was further confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The coordination distances were refined from EXAFS with standard deviations within 0.01 A. The insulin derivative containing Cu(2+) is sensitive towards photoreduction when exposed to SR. During the reduction of Cu(2+) to Cu(+), the coordination geometry of copper changes towards lower coordination numbers. Primary damage, i.e. photoreduction, was followed directly by XANES as a function of radiation dose, while secondary damage in the form of structural changes around the Cu atoms after exposure to different radiation doses was studied by crystallography using a laboratory diffractometer. Protection against photoreduction and subsequent radiation damage was carried out by solid embedment of Cu insulin in a saccharose matrix. At 100 K the photoreduction was suppressed by approximately 15%, and it was suppressed by a further approximately 30% on cooling the samples to 20 K.

Towards accurate structural characterization of metal centres in protein crystals: the structures of Ni and Cu T6 bovine insulin derivatives.,Frankaer CG, Mossin S, Stahl K, Harris P Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2014 Jan;70(Pt 1):110-22. doi:, 10.1107/S1399004713029040. Epub 2013 Dec 24. PMID:24419384<ref>PMID:24419384</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 4m4l" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Insulin 3D Structures|Insulin 3D Structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
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</StructureSection>
[[Category: Bos taurus]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Frankaer CG]]
[[Category: Harris P]]
[[Category: Stahl K]]