View source for 2bn1


==Insulin after a high dose x-ray burn==
<StructureSection load='2bn1' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2bn1]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.40&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2bn1]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_taurus Bos taurus]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2BN1 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2BN1 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[1aph|1aph]], [[1bph|1bph]], [[1cph|1cph]], [[1dph|1dph]], [[1ho0|1ho0]], [[1pid|1pid]], [[2bn3|2bn3]], [[2ins|2ins]]</div></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2bn1 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2bn1 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2bn1 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2bn1 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2bn1 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2bn1 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Function ==
[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_BOVIN INS_BOVIN]] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. 
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/bn/2bn1_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=2bn1 ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Specific radiation damage can be used to solve macromolecular structures using the radiation-damage-induced phasing (RIP) method. The method has been investigated for six disulfide-containing test structures (elastase, insulin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, trypsin and thaumatin) using data sets that were collected on a third-generation synchrotron undulator beamline with a highly attenuated beam. Each crystal was exposed to the unattenuated X-ray beam between the collection of a 'before' and an 'after' data set. The X-ray 'burn'-induced intensity differences ranged from 5 to 15%, depending on the protein investigated. X-ray-susceptible substructures were determined using the integrated direct and Patterson methods in SHELXD. The best substructures were found by downscaling the 'after' data set in SHELXC by a scale factor K, with optimal values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. The initial substructures were improved through iteration with SHELXE by the addition of negatively occupied sites as well as a large number of relatively weak sites. The final substructures ranged from 40 to more than 300 sites, with strongest peaks as high as 57sigma. All structures except one could be solved: it was not possible to find the initial substructure for ribonuclease A, however, SHELXE iteration starting with the known five most susceptible sites gave excellent maps. Downscaling proved to be necessary for the solution of elastase, lysozyme and thaumatin and reduced the number of SHELXE iterations in the other cases. The combination of downscaling and substructure iteration provides important benefits for the phasing of macromolecular structures using radiation damage.

Improving radiation-damage substructures for RIP.,Nanao MH, Sheldrick GM, Ravelli RB Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Sep;61(Pt 9):1227-37. Epub 2005, Aug 16. PMID:16131756<ref>PMID:16131756</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 2bn1" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Insulin 3D Structures|Insulin 3D Structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Bos taurus]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Nanao, M H]]
[[Category: Ravelli, R B]]
[[Category: Carbohydrate metabolism]]
[[Category: Glucose metabolism]]
[[Category: Hormone]]
[[Category: Insulin family]]
[[Category: Phasing]]
[[Category: Radiation damage]]
[[Category: Rip]]