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==Calmodulin bound to cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) calmodulin binding domain==
<StructureSection load='6y4o' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6y4o]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.84&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6y4o]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant African bush elephant] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6Y4O OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6Y4O FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">CALM2, CAM2, CAMB ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN]), Ryr2 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9785 African bush elephant])</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6y4o FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6y4o OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6y4o PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6y4o RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6y4o PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6y4o ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CALM2_HUMAN CALM2_HUMAN]] Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia;Brugada syndrome;Romano-Ward syndrome. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Mutations in CALM2 are the cause of LQT15. 
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/CALM2_HUMAN CALM2_HUMAN]] Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis (PubMed:16760425). Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C (PubMed:26969752). Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2 (PubMed:27165696).<ref>PMID:16760425</ref> <ref>PMID:26969752</ref> <ref>PMID:27165696</ref>  [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RYR2_MOUSE RYR2_MOUSE]] Calcium channel that mediates the release of Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm and thereby plays a key role in triggering cardiac muscle contraction. Aberrant channel activation can lead to cardiac arrhythmia. In cardiac myocytes, calcium release is triggered by increased Ca(2+) levels due to activation of the L-type calcium channel CACNA1C. The calcium channel activity is modulated by formation of heterotetramers with RYR3. Required for cellular calcium ion homeostasis. Required for embryonic heart development.<ref>PMID:10473538</ref> <ref>PMID:9628868</ref> <ref>PMID:21098440</ref> <ref>PMID:20431056</ref>  
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Mutations in the genes encoding the highly conserved Ca(2+)-sensing protein calmodulin (CaM) cause severe cardiac arrhythmias, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) or long QT syndrome, and sudden cardiac death. Most of the identified arrhythmogenic mutations reside in the C-terminal domain of CaM, and mostly affect Ca(2+)-coordinating residues. One exception is the CPVT-causing N53I substitution, which resides in the N-terminal domain (N-domain). It does not affect Ca(2+)-coordination and has only a minor impact on binding affinity toward Ca(2+) and on other biophysical properties. Nevertheless, the N53I substitution dramatically affects CaM's ability to reduce the open probability of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), while having no effect on the regulation of the plasmalemmal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel, Cav1.2. To gain more insights into the molecular disease mechanism of this mutant, we used NMR to investigate the structures and dynamics of both apo- and Ca(2+)-bound CaM-N53I in solution. We also solved the crystal structures of wild-type and N53I CaM in complex with the primary calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD2) from RyR2 at 1.84-2.13 A resolutions. We found that all structures of the arrhythmogenic CaM-N53I variant are highly similar to those of wild type CaM. However, we noted that the N53I substitution exposes an additional hydrophobic surface, and that the intramolecular dynamics of the protein are significantly altered such that they destabilize the CaM N-domain. We conclude that the N53I-induced changes alter the interaction of the CaM N-domain with RyR2 and thereby likely cause the arrhythmogenic phenotype of this mutation.

The arrhythmogenic N53I variant subtly changes the structure and dynamics in the calmodulin N-domain, altering its interaction with the cardiac ryanodine receptor.,Holt C, Hamborg L, Lau K, Brohus M, Sorensen AB, Larsen KT, Sommer C, Van Petegem F, Overgaard MT, Wimmer R J Biol Chem. 2020 Apr 21. pii: RA120.013430. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013430. PMID:32317284<ref>PMID:32317284</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 6y4o" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: African bush elephant]]
[[Category: Human]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Brohus, M]]
[[Category: Holt, C]]
[[Category: Larsen, K T]]
[[Category: Lau, K]]
[[Category: Nielsen, L H]]
[[Category: Overgaard, M T]]
[[Category: Petegem, F Van]]
[[Category: Sommer, C]]
[[Category: Sorensen, A B]]
[[Category: Wimmer, R]]
[[Category: Calcium]]
[[Category: Calmodulin]]
[[Category: Ion channel]]
[[Category: Membrane protein]]