View source for 1lhd


==HUMAN ALPHA-THROMBIN COMPLEXED WITH AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BOROLYS-OH==
<StructureSection load='1lhd' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1lhd]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.35&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1lhd]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirme Hirme] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1LHD OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1LHD FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=DI2:AC-(D)PHE-PRO-BOROLYS-OH'>DI2</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombin Thrombin], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.4.21.5 3.4.21.5] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1lhd FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1lhd OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1lhd PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1lhd RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1lhd PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1lhd ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THRB_HUMAN THRB_HUMAN]] Defects in F2 are the cause of factor II deficiency (FA2D) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613679 613679]]. It is a very rare blood coagulation disorder characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms. The severity of the bleeding manifestations correlates with blood factor II levels.<ref>PMID:14962227</ref> <ref>PMID:6405779</ref> <ref>PMID:3771562</ref> <ref>PMID:3567158</ref> <ref>PMID:3801671</ref> <ref>PMID:3242619</ref> <ref>PMID:2719946</ref> <ref>PMID:1354985</ref> <ref>PMID:1421398</ref> <ref>PMID:1349838</ref> <ref>PMID:7865694</ref> <ref>PMID:7792730</ref>   Genetic variations in F2 may be a cause of susceptibility to ischemic stroke (ISCHSTR) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/601367 601367]]; also known as cerebrovascular accident or cerebral infarction. A stroke is an acute neurologic event leading to death of neural tissue of the brain and resulting in loss of motor, sensory and/or cognitive function. Ischemic strokes, resulting from vascular occlusion, is considered to be a highly complex disease consisting of a group of heterogeneous disorders with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.<ref>PMID:15534175</ref>   Defects in F2 are the cause of thrombophilia due to thrombin defect (THPH1) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/188050 188050]]. It is a multifactorial disorder of hemostasis characterized by abnormal platelet aggregation in response to various agents and recurrent thrombi formation. Note=A common genetic variation in the 3-prime untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increased risk of venous thrombosis.  Defects in F2 are associated with susceptibility to pregnancy loss, recurrent, type 2 (RPRGL2) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/614390 614390]]. A common complication of pregnancy, resulting in spontaneous abortion before the fetus has reached viability. The term includes all miscarriages from the time of conception until 24 weeks of gestation. Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.<ref>PMID:11506076</ref>  
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THRB_HUMAN THRB_HUMAN]] Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing.<ref>PMID:2856554</ref>  
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
  <jmolCheckbox>
    <scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/lh/1lhd_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
    <scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
    <text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
  </jmolCheckbox>
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1lhd ConSurf].
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
The X-ray crystallographic structure of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH [DuP714, Ki = 0.04 nM; Kettner, C., Mersinger, L., &amp; Knabb, R. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18289] complexed with human alpha-thrombin shows the boron atom covalently bonded to the side-chain oxygen of the active site serine, Ser195. The boron adopts a nearly tetrahedral geometry, and the boronic acid forms a set of interactions with the protein that mimic the tetrahedral transition state of serine proteases. Contributions of the arginine side chain to inhibitor affinity were examined by synthesis of the ornithine, lysine, homolysine, and amidine analogs of DuP714. The basic groups interact with backbone carbonyl groups, water molecules, and an aspartic acid side chain (Asp189) located in the thrombin S1 specificity pocket. The variation in inhibition constant by 3 orders of magnitude appears to reflect differences in the energetics of interactions made with thrombin and differences in ligand flexibility in solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Kinetic and crystallographic studies of thrombin with Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and its lysine, amidine, homolysine, and ornithine analogs.,Weber PC, Lee SL, Lewandowski FA, Schadt MC, Chang CW, Kettner CA Biochemistry. 1995 Mar 21;34(11):3750-7. PMID:7893672<ref>PMID:7893672</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 1lhd" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Hirudin 3D structures|Hirudin 3D structures]]
*[[Thrombin|Thrombin]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Hirme]]
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Thrombin]]
[[Category: Chang, C H]]
[[Category: Kettner, C A]]
[[Category: Lee, S L]]
[[Category: Lewandowski, F A]]
[[Category: Schadt, M C]]
[[Category: Weber, P C]]
[[Category: Acute phase]]
[[Category: Blood coagulation]]
[[Category: Calcium-binding]]
[[Category: Disease mutation]]
[[Category: Duplication]]
[[Category: Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid]]
[[Category: Glycoprotein]]
[[Category: Hydrolase]]
[[Category: Kringle]]
[[Category: Liver]]
[[Category: Plasma]]
[[Category: Serine protease]]
[[Category: Vitamin k]]
[[Category: Zymogen]]