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==Highly Potent and Selective Plasmin Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold Attenuate Fibrinolysis in Plasma==
<StructureSection load='6d40' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6d40]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.43&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6d40]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6D40 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6D40 FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">PLG ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmin Plasmin], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.4.21.7 3.4.21.7] </span></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6d40 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6d40 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6d40 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6d40 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6d40 PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6d40 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PLMN_HUMAN PLMN_HUMAN]] Defects in PLG are the cause of plasminogen deficiency (PLGD) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/217090 217090]]. PLGD is characterized by decreased serum plasminogen activity. Two forms of the disorder are distinguished: type 1 deficiency is additionally characterized by decreased plasminogen antigen levels and clinical symptoms, whereas type 2 deficiency, also known as dysplasminogenemia, is characterized by normal, or slightly reduced antigen levels, and absence of clinical manifestations. Plasminogen deficiency type 1 results in markedly impaired extracellular fibrinolysis and chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions due to subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation of type 1 deficiency is ligneous conjunctivitis in which pseudomembranes formation on the palpebral surfaces of the eye progresses to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa.<ref>PMID:1986355</ref> <ref>PMID:8392398</ref> <ref>PMID:6216475</ref> <ref>PMID:6238949</ref> <ref>PMID:1427790</ref> <ref>PMID:9242524</ref> <ref>PMID:9858247</ref> <ref>PMID:10233898</ref>  
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PLMN_HUMAN PLMN_HUMAN]] Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion may be modulated by CSPG4. Binds to cells.<ref>PMID:14699093</ref>   Angiostatin is an angiogenesis inhibitor that blocks neovascularization and growth of experimental primary and metastatic tumors in vivo.<ref>PMID:14699093</ref>  [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/SFTI1_HELAN SFTI1_HELAN]] Inhibits trypsin, cathepsin G, elastase, chymotrypsin and thrombin. Does not inhibit factor Xa.<ref>PMID:10390350</ref>  
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Antifibrinolytic drugs provide important pharmacological interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from excessive bleeding during surgery and after trauma. Current drugs used for inhibiting the dissolution of fibrin, the main structural component of blood clots, are associated with adverse events due to lack of potency, high doses, and nonselective inhibition mechanisms. These drawbacks warrant the development of a new generation of highly potent and selective fibrinolysis inhibitors. Here, we use the 14-amino acid backbone-cyclic sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 scaffold to design a highly potent ( Ki = 0.05 nM) inhibitor of the primary serine protease in fibrinolysis, plasmin. This compound displays a million-fold selectivity over other serine proteases in blood, inhibits fibrinolysis in plasma more effectively than the gold-standard therapeutic inhibitor aprotinin, and is a promising candidate for development of highly specific fibrinolysis inhibitors with reduced side effects.

Highly Potent and Selective Plasmin Inhibitors Based on the Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 Scaffold Attenuate Fibrinolysis in Plasma.,Swedberg JE, Wu G, Mahatmanto T, Durek T, Caradoc-Davies TT, Whisstock JC, Law RHP, Craik DJ J Med Chem. 2019 Jan 24;62(2):552-560. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01139. Epub, 2018 Dec 26. PMID:30520638<ref>PMID:30520638</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 6d40" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Human]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Plasmin]]
[[Category: Law, R H.P]]
[[Category: Wu, G]]
[[Category: Complex]]
[[Category: Fibrinolysis]]
[[Category: Hydrolase]]
[[Category: Protease]]
[[Category: Sfti]]