View source for 4nib

==Crystal structure of human insulin mutant B20 D-ala, B23 D-ala==
<StructureSection load='4nib' size='340' side='right' caption='[[4nib]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.40&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4nib]] is a 2 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4NIB OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4NIB FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=DAL:D-ALANINE'>DAL</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4nib FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4nib OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4nib RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4nib PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/176730 176730]].<ref>PMID:3470784</ref> <ref>PMID:2196279</ref> <ref>PMID:4019786</ref> <ref>PMID:1601997</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/125852 125852]]. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/606176 606176]]. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.<ref>PMID:17855560</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref>   Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613370 613370]]. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.<ref>PMID:18192540</ref> <ref>PMID:18162506</ref> <ref>PMID:20226046</ref>  
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/INS_HUMAN INS_HUMAN]] Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Insulin provides a classical model of a globular protein, yet how the hormone changes conformation to engage its receptor has long been enigmatic. Interest has focused on the C-terminal B-chain segment, critical for protective self-assembly in beta cells and receptor binding at target tissues. Insight may be obtained from truncated "microreceptors" that reconstitute the primary hormone-binding site (alpha-subunit domains L1 and alphaCT). We demonstrate that, on microreceptor binding, this segment undergoes concerted hinge-like rotation at its B20-B23 beta-turn, coupling reorientation of PheB24 to a 60 degrees rotation of the B25-B28 beta-strand away from the hormone core to lie antiparallel to the receptor's L1-beta2 sheet. Opening of this hinge enables conserved nonpolar side chains (IleA2, ValA3, ValB12, PheB24, and PheB25) to engage the receptor. Restraining the hinge by nonstandard mutagenesis preserves native folding but blocks receptor binding, whereas its engineered opening maintains activity at the price of protein instability and nonnative aggregation. Our findings rationalize properties of clinical mutations in the insulin family and provide a previously unidentified foundation for designing therapeutic analogs. We envisage that a switch between free and receptor-bound conformations of insulin evolved as a solution to conflicting structural determinants of biosynthesis and function.

Protective hinge in insulin opens to enable its receptor engagement.,Menting JG, Yang Y, Chan SJ, Phillips NB, Smith BJ, Whittaker J, Wickramasinghe NP, Whittaker LJ, Pandyarajan V, Wan ZL, Yadav SP, Carroll JM, Strokes N, Roberts CT Jr, Ismail-Beigi F, Milewski W, Steiner DF, Chauhan VS, Ward CW, Weiss MA, Lawrence MC Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Aug 4. pii: 201412897. PMID:25092300<ref>PMID:25092300</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Lawrence, M C]]
[[Category: Menting, J G]]
[[Category: Hormone]]