View source for 6fkr

{{Large structure}}
==Crystal structure of the dolphin proline-rich antimicrobial peptide Tur1A bound to the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome==
<StructureSection load='6fkr' size='340' side='right' caption='[[6fkr]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 3.20&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6fkr]] is a 107 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thet8 Thet8], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus_(strain_hb8_/_atcc_27634_/_dsm_579) Thermus thermophilus (strain hb8 / atcc 27634 / dsm 579)] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus_hb8 Thermus thermophilus hb8]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6FKR OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6FKR FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SF4:IRON/SULFUR+CLUSTER'>SF4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=0TD:(3S)-3-(METHYLSULFANYL)-L-ASPARTIC+ACID'>0TD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=2MA:2-METHYLADENOSINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>2MA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=2MG:2N-METHYLGUANOSINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>2MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=2MU:2,5-DIMETHYLURIDINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>2MU</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=4OC:4N,O2-METHYLCYTIDINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>4OC</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=5MC:5-METHYLCYTIDINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>5MC</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=5MU:5-METHYLURIDINE+5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>5MU</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=7MG:7N-METHYL-8-HYDROGUANOSINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>7MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=M2G:N2-DIMETHYLGUANOSINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>M2G</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MA6:6N-DIMETHYLADENOSINE-5-MONOPHOSHATE'>MA6</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=OMG:O2-METHYLGUANOSINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>OMG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=PSU:PSEUDOURIDINE-5-MONOPHOSPHATE'>PSU</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=UNK:UNKNOWN'>UNK</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=UR3:3-METHYLURIDINE-5-MONOPHOSHATE'>UR3</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">raiA, yfiA, b2597, JW2578 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=300852 THET8])</td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6fkr FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6fkr OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6fkr PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6fkr RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6fkr PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6fkr ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
{{Large structure}}
== Function ==
[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS2_THET8 RS2_THET8]] Spans the head-body hinge region of the 30S subunit. Is loosely associated with the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00291_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL25_THET8 RL25_THET8]] This is one of 3 proteins that mediate the attachment of the 5S rRNA onto the large ribosomal subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01334] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL6_THET8 RL6_THET8]] This protein binds to the 23S rRNA, and is important in its secondary structure. It is located near the subunit interface in the base of the L7/L12 stalk, and near the tRNA binding site of the peptidyltransferase center.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01365] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL31_THET8 RL31_THET8]] Binds the 23S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00501] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL21_THET8 RL21_THET8]] This protein binds to 23S rRNA in the presence of protein L20 (By similarity). Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01363] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL22_THET8 RL22_THET8]] This protein binds specifically to 23S rRNA; its binding is stimulated by other ribosomal proteins, e.g. L4, L17, and L20. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01331_B]  The globular domain of the protein is one of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit, while an extended beta-hairpin is found that penetrates into the center of the 70S ribosome. This extension seems to form part of the wall of the exit tunnel.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01331_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL20_THET8 RL20_THET8]] Binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA and is necessary for the in vitro assembly process of the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is not involved in the protein synthesizing functions of that subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00382] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS13_THET8 RS13_THET8]] Located at the top of the head of the 30S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 16S rRNA. In the 70S ribosome structure it contacts the 23S rRNA (bridge B1a) and protein L5 of the 50S subunit (bridge B1b), connecting the top of the two subunits; these bridges are in contact with the A site and P site tRNAs respectively and are implicated in movement during ribosome translocation. Separately contacts the tRNAs in the A and P sites.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01315] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL32_THET8 RL32_THET8]] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00340] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL33_THET8 RL33_THET8]] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00294]  Contacts the E site tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00294] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS9_THET8 RS9_THET8]] Part of the top of the head of the 30S subunit. The C-terminal region penetrates the head emerging in the P-site where it contacts tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00532_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL18_THET8 RL18_THET8]] This is one of the proteins that binds and mediates the attachment of the 5S RNA into the large ribosomal subunit, where it forms part of the central protuberance.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01337_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL24_THET8 RL24_THET8]] One of two assembly initiator proteins, it binds directly to the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01326_B]  One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01326_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS18_THET8 RS18_THET8]] Located on the back of the platform of the 30S subunit where it stabilizes the close packing of several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms part of the Shine-Dalgarno cleft in the 70S ribosome, where it probably interacts with the Shine-Dalgarno helix.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00270] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL29_THET8 RL29_THET8]] One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00374] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL14_THET8 RL14_THET8]] This protein binds directly to 23S ribosomal RNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01367]  Contacts the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit in two different positions helping to form bridges B5 and B8.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01367] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS4_THET8 RS4_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the body and platform of the 30S subunit. Binds mRNA in the 70S ribosome, positioning it for translation.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01306_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL15_THET8 RL15_THET8]] Binds to the 23S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01341_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS17_THET8 RS17_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform and body of the 30S subunit by bringing together and stabilizing interactions between several different RNA helices. The combined cluster of proteins S8, S12 and S17 appears to hold together the shoulder and platform of the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01345]  Deletion of the protein leads to an increased generation time and a temperature-sensitive phenotype.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01345] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS11_THET8 RS11_THET8]] Located on the upper part of the platform of the 30S subunit, where it bridges several disparate RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms part of the Shine-Dalgarno cleft in the 70S ribosome, where it interacts both with the Shine-Dalgarno helix and mRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01310] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL27_THET8 RL27_THET8]] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00539] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS15_THET8 RS15_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit by binding and bridging several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01343]  Forms an intersubunit bridge (bridge B4) with the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit in the ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01343] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL34_THET8 RL34_THET8]] Found on the solvent side of the large subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00391] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL5_THET8 RL5_THET8]] This is 1 of the proteins that binds and probably mediates the attachment of the 5S RNA into the large ribosomal subunit, where it forms part of the central protuberance. In the 70S ribosome it contacts protein S13 of the 30S subunit (forming bridge B1b) connecting the head of the 30S subunit to the top of the 50S subunit. The bridge itself contacts the P site tRNA and is implicated in movement during ribosome translocation. Also contacts the P site tRNA independently of the intersubunit bridge; the 5S rRNA and some of its associated proteins might help stabilize positioning of ribosome-bound tRNAs.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01333_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS19_THET8 RS19_THET8]] Located at the top of the head of the 30S subunit, extending towards the 50S subunit, which it may contact in the 70S complex. Contacts several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00531] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS8_THET8 RS8_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit central domain. The combined cluster of proteins S8, S12 and S17 appears to hold together the shoulder and platform of the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01302_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL2_THET8 RL2_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins. Required for association of the 30S and 50S subunits to form the 70S ribosome, for tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. It has been suggested to have peptidyltransferase activity; this is somewhat controversial (By similarity). Makes several contacts with the 16S rRNA (forming bridge B7b) in the 70S ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01320_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS5_THET8 RS5_THET8]] With S4 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01307_B]  Located at the back of the 30S subunit body where it stabilizes the conformation of the head with respect to the body. Binds mRNA in the 70S ribosome, positioning it for translation.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01307_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL13_THET8 RL13_THET8]] This protein is one of the early assembly proteins of the 50S ribosomal subunit, although it is not seen to bind rRNA by itself. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01366] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS20_THET8 RS20_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the bottom of the body of the 30S subunit, by binding to several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00500] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS10_THET8 RS10_THET8]] Part of the top of the 30S subunit head.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00508] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL16_THET8 RL16_THET8]] This protein binds directly to 23S rRNA. Interacts with the A site tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01342] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS16_THET8 RS16_THET8]] Binds to the lower part of the body of the 30S subunit, where it stabilizes two of its domains.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00385] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL19_THET8 RL19_THET8]] Contacts the 16S rRNA of the 30S subunit (part of bridge B6), connecting the 2 subunits.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00402] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL9_THET8 RL9_THET8]] Binds to the 23S rRNA. Extends more that 50 Angstroms beyond the surface of the 70S ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00503] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RSHX_THET8 RSHX_THET8]] Binds at the top of the head of the 30S subunit. It stabilizes a number of different RNA elements and thus is important for subunit structure. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS7_THET8 RS7_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 3'-end of the 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the head domain of the 30S subunit. Is located at the subunit interface close to the decoding center. Binds mRNA and the E site tRNA blocking its exit path in the ribosome. This blockage implies that this section of the ribosome must be able to move to release the deacetylated tRNA.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00480_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL3_THET8 RL3_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly near the 3'-end of the 23S rRNA, where it nucleates assembly of the 50S subunit (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01325_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS3_THET8 RS3_THET8]] Binds the lower part of the 30S subunit head. Binds mRNA in the 70S ribosome, positioning it for translation.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01309_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS14Z_THET8 RS14Z_THET8]] Required for the assembly of 30S particles and may also be responsible for determining the conformation of the 16S rRNA at the A site (By similarity). Binds 16S rRNA in center of the 30S subunit head.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01364_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS6_THET8 RS6_THET8]] Located on the outer edge of the platform on the body of the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00360] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RS12_THET8 RS12_THET8]] With S4 and S5 plays an important role in translational accuracy (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00403_B]  Interacts with and stabilizes bases of the 16S rRNA that are involved in tRNA selection in the A site and with the mRNA backbone. Located at the interface of the 30S and 50S subunits, it traverses the body of the 30S subunit contacting proteins on the other side and probably holding the rRNA structure together. The combined cluster of proteins S8, S12 and S17 appears to hold together the shoulder and platform of the 30S subunit.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_00403_B] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL23_THET8 RL23_THET8]] One of the early assembly proteins (By similarity) it binds 23S rRNA. One of the proteins that surrounds the polypeptide exit tunnel on the outside of the ribosome. Forms the main docking site for trigger factor binding to the ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01369] [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RAIA_ECOLI RAIA_ECOLI]] During stationary phase, prevents 70S dimer formation, probably in order to regulate translation efficiency during transition between the exponential and the stationary phases. In addition, during environmental stress such as cold shock or excessive cell density at stationary phase, stabilizes the 70S ribosome against dissociation, inhibits translation initiation and increase translation accuracy. When normal growth conditions are restored, is quickly released from the ribosome. Inhibits translation initiation by blocking the A-site (aminoacyl-tRNA site) and P-site (peptidyl-tRNA site) of the ribosome. Counteracts miscoding (translation errors) particularly efficiently at magnesium concentrations close to those observed in vivo but less efficiently at higher concentrations. Counteraction of miscoding was shown to be stronger than inhibition of translation, suggesting that the former activity could be the main function of RaiA in vivo.<ref>PMID:10535924</ref> <ref>PMID:11168583</ref> <ref>PMID:11375931</ref> <ref>PMID:15219834</ref> <ref>PMID:16324148</ref> <ref>PMID:15502846</ref>  [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/RL4_THET8 RL4_THET8]] One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, this protein initially binds near the 5'-end of the 23S rRNA. It is important during the early stages of 50S assembly. It makes multiple contacts with different domains of the 23S rRNA in the assembled 50S subunit and ribosome (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B]  Forms part of the polypeptide exit tunnel (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B]  This protein can be incorporated into E.coli ribosomes in vivo, which resulted in decreased peptidyltransferase (Ptase) activity of the hybrid ribosomes. The hybrid 50S subunits associate less well with 30S subunits to form the ribosome.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01328_B] 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) internalize into susceptible bacteria using specific transporters and interfere with protein synthesis and folding. To date, mammalian PrAMPs have so far been identified only in artiodactyls. Since cetaceans are co-phyletic with artiodactyls, we mined the genome of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, leading to the identification of two PrAMPs, Tur1A and Tur1B. Tur1A, which is orthologous to the bovine PrAMP Bac7, is internalized into Escherichia coli, without damaging the membranes, using the inner membrane transporters SbmA and YjiL/MdM. Furthermore, like Bac7, Tur1A also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the ribosome and blocking the transition from the initiation to the elongation phase. By contrast, Tur1B is a poor inhibitor of protein synthesis and may utilize another mechanism of action. An X-ray structure of Tur1A bound within the ribosomal exit tunnel provides a basis to develop these peptides as novel antimicrobial agents.

The Dolphin Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide Tur1A Inhibits Protein Synthesis by Targeting the Bacterial Ribosome.,Mardirossian M, Perebaskine N, Benincasa M, Gambato S, Hofmann S, Huter P, Muller C, Hilpert K, Innis CA, Tossi A, Wilson DN Cell Chem Biol. 2018 Feb 22. pii: S2451-9456(18)30044-8. doi:, 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.02.004. PMID:29526712<ref>PMID:29526712</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 6fkr" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Thermus thermophilus hb8]]
[[Category: Thet8]]
[[Category: Benincasa, M]]
[[Category: Gambato, S]]
[[Category: Hilpert, K]]
[[Category: Hofmann, S]]
[[Category: Huter, P]]
[[Category: Innis, C A]]
[[Category: Mardirossian, M]]
[[Category: Muller, C]]
[[Category: Perebaskine, N]]
[[Category: Tossi, A]]
[[Category: Wilson, D N]]
[[Category: Antibiotic]]
[[Category: Antimicrobial peptide]]
[[Category: Inhibitor]]
[[Category: Ribosome]]