View source for 4pwl


==Crystal structure of the complex between PPARgamma-LBD and the S enantiomer of Mbx-102 (Metaglidasen)==
<StructureSection load='4pwl' size='340' side='right'caption='[[4pwl]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[4pwl]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=4PWL OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4PWL FirstGlance]. <br>
</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.6&#8491;</td></tr>
<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=MSZ:(2S)-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)[3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOXY]ETHANOIC+ACID'>MSZ</scene></td></tr>
<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=4pwl FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=4pwl OCA], [https://pdbe.org/4pwl PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=4pwl RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/4pwl PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=4pwl ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
== Disease ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PPARG_HUMAN PPARG_HUMAN] Note=Defects in PPARG can lead to type 2 insulin-resistant diabetes and hyptertension. PPARG mutations may be associated with colon cancer.  Defects in PPARG may be associated with susceptibility to obesity (OBESITY) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/601665 601665]. It is a condition characterized by an increase of body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirements, as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat.<ref>PMID:9753710</ref>   Defects in PPARG are the cause of familial partial lipodystrophy type 3 (FPLD3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604367 604367]. Familial partial lipodystrophies (FPLD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by marked loss of subcutaneous (sc) fat from the extremities. Affected individuals show an increased preponderance of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia.<ref>PMID:12453919</ref> <ref>PMID:11788685</ref>   Genetic variations in PPARG can be associated with susceptibility to glioma type 1 (GLM1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/137800 137800]. Gliomas are central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells and comprise astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Note=Polymorphic PPARG alleles have been found to be significantly over-represented among a cohort of American patients with sporadic glioblastoma multiforme suggesting a possible contribution to disease susceptibility.
== Function ==
[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PPARG_HUMAN PPARG_HUMAN] Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to a promoter element in the gene for acyl-CoA oxidase and activates its transcription. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. Acts as a critical regulator of gut homeostasis by suppressing NF-kappa-B-mediated proinflammatory responses.<ref>PMID:9065481</ref> <ref>PMID:16150867</ref> <ref>PMID:20829347</ref> 
<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
Metaglidasen is a fibrate-like drug reported as a selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), able to lower plasma glucose levels in the absence of the side effects typically observed with thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents in current use. Herein we report an improved synthesis of metaglidasen's metabolically active form halofenic acid (R)-2 and that of its enantiomer (S)-2. The activity of the two stereoisomers was carefully examined on PPARalpha and PPARgamma subtypes. As expected, both showed partial agonist activity toward PPARgamma; the investigation of PPARalpha activity, however, led to unexpected results. In particular, (S)-2 was found to act as a partial agonist, whereas (R)-2 behaved as an antagonist. X-ray crystallographic studies with PPARgamma were carried out to gain more insight on the molecular-level interactions and to propose a binding mode. Given the adverse effects provoked by fibrate drugs on skeletal muscle function, we also investigated the capacity of (R)-2 and (S)-2 to block conductance of the skeletal muscle membrane chloride channel. The results showed a more beneficial profile for (R)-2, the activity of which on skeletal muscle function, however, should not be overlooked in the ongoing clinical trials studying its long-term effects.

On the Metabolically Active Form of Metaglidasen: Improved Synthesis and Investigation of Its Peculiar Activity on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Skeletal Muscles.,Laghezza A, Montanari R, Lavecchia A, Piemontese L, Pochetti G, Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Capelli D, De Bellis M, Liantonio A, Pierno S, Tortorella P, Conte Camerino D, Loiodice F ChemMedChem. 2015 Jan 29. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201402462. PMID:25641779<ref>PMID:25641779</ref>

From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
</div>
<div class="pdbe-citations 4pwl" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

==See Also==
*[[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 3D structures|Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 3D structures]]
== References ==
<references/>
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
[[Category: Large Structures]]
[[Category: Capelli D]]
[[Category: Laghezza A]]
[[Category: Lavecchia A]]
[[Category: Loiodice F]]
[[Category: Montanari R]]
[[Category: Piemontese L]]
[[Category: Pochetti G]]