2oy0
Crystal structure of the West Nile virus methyltransferaseCrystal structure of the West Nile virus methyltransferase
Structural highlights
FunctionPOLG_WNV9 Plays a role in virus budding by binding to the cell membrane and gathering the viral RNA into a nucleocapsid that forms the core of a mature virus particle (PubMed:22925334). During virus entry, may induce genome penetration into the host cytoplasm after hemifusion induced by the surface proteins. Can migrate to the cell nucleus where it modulates host functions. Overcomes the anti-viral effects of host EXOC1 by sequestering and degrading the latter through the proteasome degradation pathway.[UniProtKB:P17763][1] Inhibits RNA silencing by interfering with host Dicer.[UniProtKB:P03314] Prevents premature fusion activity of envelope proteins in trans-Golgi by binding to envelope protein E at pH6.0. After virion release in extracellular space, gets dissociated from E dimers.[UniProtKB:P17763] Acts as a chaperone for envelope protein E during intracellular virion assembly by masking and inactivating envelope protein E fusion peptide. prM is the only viral peptide matured by host furin in the trans-Golgi network probably to avoid catastrophic activation of the viral fusion activity in acidic Golgi compartment prior to virion release. prM-E cleavage is inefficient, and many virions are only partially matured. These uncleaved prM would play a role in immune evasion.[UniProtKB:P17763] May play a role in virus budding. Exerts cytotoxic effects by activating a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway through M ectodomain. May display a viroporin activity.[UniProtKB:P17763] Binds to host cell surface receptor and mediates fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Envelope protein is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum in the form of heterodimer with protein prM. They play a role in virion budding in the ER, and the newly formed immature particle is covered with 60 spikes composed of heterodimer between precursor prM and envelope protein E. The virion is transported to the Golgi apparatus where the low pH causes dissociation of PrM-E heterodimers and formation of E homodimers. prM-E cleavage is inefficient, and many virions are only partially matured. These uncleaved prM would play a role in immune evasion.[UniProtKB:P17763] Involved in immune evasion, pathogenesis and viral replication. Once cleaved off the polyprotein, is targeted to three destinations: the viral replication cycle, the plasma membrane and the extracellular compartment. Essential for viral replication. Required for formation of the replication complex and recruitment of other non-structural proteins to the ER-derived membrane structures. Excreted as a hexameric lipoparticle that plays a role against host immune response. Antagonizing the complement function. Binds to the host macrophages and dendritic cells. Inhibits signal transduction originating from Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3).[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Component of the viral RNA replication complex that functions in virion assembly and antagonizes the host alpha/beta interferon antiviral response.[UniProtKB:P14335] Required cofactor for the serine protease function of NS3. May have membrane-destabilizing activity and form viroporins (By similarity).[UniProtKB:P17763][PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00859] Displays three enzymatic activities: serine protease, NTPase and RNA helicase. NS3 serine protease, in association with NS2B, performs its autocleavage and cleaves the polyprotein at dibasic sites in the cytoplasm: C-prM, NS2A-NS2B, NS2B-NS3, NS3-NS4A, NS4A-2K and NS4B-NS5. NS3 RNA helicase binds RNA and unwinds dsRNA in the 3' to 5' direction (By similarity). NS3 supports the separation of RNA daughter and template strands during viral replication. The helicase part is involved in the inhibition of phosphorylation of host STAT1, and thereby inhibition of host type-I IFN signaling (PubMed:29099073). In addition, NS3 assists the initiation of replication by unwinding the RNA secondary structure in the 3' non-translated region (NTR). Inhibits STAT2 translocation in the nucleus after IFN-alpha treatment (By similarity).[UniProtKB:P14335][PROSITE-ProRule:PRU00860][7] Facilitates host membrane remodelling necessary for viral replication by interacting with host RTN3. Regulates the ATPase activity of the NS3 helicase activity. NS4A allows NS3 helicase to conserve energy during unwinding.[8] [9] Functions as a signal peptide for NS4B and is required for the interferon antagonism activity of the latter.[UniProtKB:P17763] Induces the formation of ER-derived membrane vesicles where the viral replication takes place (PubMed:24465392). Inhibits interferon (IFN)-induced host STAT1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby preventing the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the IFN-alpha/beta pathway (PubMed:15956546). Inhibits STAT2 translocation in the nucleus after IFN-alpha treatment (PubMed:15956546).[10] [11] Replicates the viral (+) and (-) genome, and performs the capping of genomes in the cytoplasm (PubMed:19850911). NS5 methylates viral RNA cap at guanine N-7 and ribose 2'-O positions (PubMed:19850911, PubMed:20685660). Besides its role in RNA genome replication, also prevents the establishment of cellular antiviral state by blocking the interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) signaling pathway (PubMed:20106931). Inhibits host JAK1 and TYK2 phosphorylation, thereby preventing activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway (PubMed:15650160).[12] [13] [14] [15] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedThe plus-strand RNA genome of flavivirus contains a 5' terminal cap 1 structure (m7GpppAmG). The flaviviruses encode one methyltransferase, located at the N-terminal portion of the NS5 protein, to catalyze both guanine N-7 and ribose 2'-OH methylations during viral cap formation. Representative flavivirus methyltransferases from dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile virus (WNV) sequentially generate GpppA-->m7GpppA-->m7GpppAm. The 2'-O methylation can be uncoupled from the N-7 methylation, since m7GpppA-RNA can be readily methylated to m7GpppAm-RNA. Despite exhibiting two distinct methylation activities, the crystal structure of WNV methyltransferase at 2.8 A resolution showed a single binding site for S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), the methyl donor. Therefore, substrate GpppA-RNA should be repositioned to accept the N-7 and 2'-O methyl groups from SAM during the sequential reactions. Electrostatic analysis of the WNV methyltransferase structure showed that, adjacent to the SAM-binding pocket, is a highly positively charged surface that could serve as an RNA binding site during cap methylations. Biochemical and mutagenesis analyses show that the N-7 and 2'-O cap methylations require distinct buffer conditions and different side chains within the K61-D146-K182-E218 motif, suggesting that the two reactions use different mechanisms. In the context of complete virus, defects in both methylations are lethal to WNV; however, viruses defective solely in 2'-O methylation are attenuated and can protect mice from later wild-type WNV challenge. The results demonstrate that the N-7 methylation activity is essential for the WNV life cycle and, thus, methyltransferase represents a novel target for flavivirus therapy. Structure and function of flavivirus NS5 methyltransferase.,Zhou Y, Ray D, Zhao Y, Dong H, Ren S, Li Z, Guo Y, Bernard KA, Shi PY, Li H J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(8):3891-903. Epub 2007 Jan 31. PMID:17267492[16] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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